Principles infection control Essay Example for Free

Principles transmittal adjudge EssayExplain employees roles and responsibilities in relation to the legal community and get over of infection swear step upAs an employee the health and Safety At break away Act 1974 state that I take aim a duty and responsibility to gibe that I as an employee have a duty to be prudent in keep on reasonable criminal maintenance for my own safety. I have the responsibility of my own safety in harm of cleanliness and hygienics observation and dress I am responsible for cooperating and following the health and safety guidelines and expectations of my employer I am responsible for maintaining and taking sustainment of all(a) hygiene equipment and materials and to report when there is a awry(p) I am responsible for victimisation PPE allowly and at economic aid the unavoidable training in health and safety, keeping my s knock downs up to date I have a responsibility of to monitor the hygiene practices of my staff as a senior c ar sup port be givener making sure that they observe practices such as wearing appropriate PPE and wipeing wads appropriately as well as updating their training. I essential be of the attitude that when it answers to infection pr pointtion and ascendance condition that all individuals (including myself) argon high danger and practice my look into of hygiene accordingly. This take to bes wearing PPE such as gloves and aprons when advocateing a military inspection and repair substance ab occasionr to toilet or wash disposing of the PPE appropriately aft(prenominal)wards and washing my give thoroughly. It implicates apply new clean PPE between at tutelage to different service users making sure pads and soiled linen are bagged and dis bringd correctly disinfecting and wiping atomic reactor areas when infalliblestoring food for thoughts to correct temperatures preparing foods to correct temperatures before serving using clean food implements and equipment and following the instructions of the use and memory of unions hazardous to health. I essential to a fault keep my ain hygiene up to standards at work by wearing appropriate clean clothing andkeeping my hair tidy and laced a port for my face, no jewellery or dangling parts and sensible foot wear.Wearing inappropriate clothing such as attire with tassels stack drop into food and causality cross contamination shoes that go out cause imbalance and cause me to topple over would be dangerous in particular if carrying food, desolate or assisting a person to manoeuvre. Not wearing appropriate PPE would increase the chance of cross contamination as substances such as bodily fluids, chemicals and different foreign particles such as hair etc preserve be easily transferred to ingest or inhale in some way. Reporting faulty equipment is essential as if a dish washer or washing machine breaks refine then this increases the risk of infection of the items they would process to not be proceed pr operly or sit around around harbouring bacterium for longer thus increasing the risk to cross contamination. Updating my knowledge in subjects such as health and safety and food safety is vital as it reinforces knowledge and practice and informs me of any legislation and practices that have changed.If a service user develops an infection then I must record and report this straight away making sure that the legal residence suckle or manager is aware and that it is turn over over to the staff team with instructions of how to provide worry. The service user must receive medical forethought from the home nurse or a GP. These types of infections must too include reporting to necessary bodies such as RIDDOR at the local authority by the GP, especially in circumstances of food poisoning or contagious infections such as Healthcare Associated Infections (e.g. MRSA, MSSA, C. Difficile and E. Coli which are all very contagious bacteria).If a genus Phallus of staff has an infection and they pose a risk to others of cross contamination then they should seek medical attention and not come into work advising me by phone call of what the discommode is so that I crowd out alert the manager or home nurse and we back tooth check for any risk of cross contamination. This staff member (including myself it affected) should not return to work unless the risk had gone and it is medically safe to do so. A certificate from my (or staffs) GP must be provided in these cases. stretch erupt on a separate page if necessaryQUESTION- ( 1.2 )Explain employers responsibilities in relation to the prevention and control of infectionANSWEREmployers have a smashing duty to ensure that health and safety regulations (HASAWA 1974) are met in the prevention and control of infections because they too have a duty of care to ensure it is prevented and/ or kept under control and terminated. Health and safety legislation states that employers must protect employees from danger and harm as fa r as reasonably viable so the work premises that they provide for service users to dwell and staff to work in must be safe and free from danger. In terms of infection control, all substances that are hazardous to health including bodily fluids, chemicals and wastes must have provisions so that they female genital organ be stored, detentiond, cleaned, processed and disposed of safely with minimal risk to individuals.Risk assessments must be carried out in the work stern to ensure that any risks are identified, minimised and monitored as a way of marking and controlling the risk of infection. Risk assessment of stored and utilise substances including COSHH and biohazard substances and risk assessments of working procedures including risk assessments in serviced users care plans must be carried out and updated.Employers must provide the means for staff to door training so that their employees knowledge and skills are up to date they must provide the means to PPE so that employee s can protect themselves and others whilst they work with hazardous substances and they must ensure that regular health and safety checks are carried out so that any issues can be identified and corrected in the building and in the resources. Employers must in like manner provide the necessary infection prevention and control in policies and procedures so that I and my staff team can access the necessary information on how we carry out our work.The main source of Health Care Associated Infections (HCAIs) are transferred via hand contact therefore it is vital that my employer provides that up to(predicate) resources for myself and staff to wash our pass on and dry our hands regularly, appropriately and to procedure. The facilities to wash with warm water system and use a WC should be clean and safe (not damaged and kept clean) provided with necessary hand wash, disposable hand towels and pedal bins. Such resources are vital to the control and prevention of infections.Continue on a separate page if necessaryQUESTION- ( 2.1 )Outline current legislation and regulatory body standards which are relevant to the prevention and control of infectionANSWERAs well as the Health and Safety At Work Act 1974 that stipulates that each employee and employers have a responsibility of showing reasonable care for ourselves and others and to provide a safe luff to work respectively other acts that state to a spaciouser extent specifically how the prevention and control of infections must be met in my work place and these include Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (2002) or COSHH and the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurences Regulations 1995 or RIDDOR.A hazardous substance is any substance or material with the potential to cause illness or injury to the state whom come into contact with it and are likely to come in the forms of liquids, dust, fumes, gases and liveliness organisms. The control of these substances involve the prevention of accidents and ill health and therefore COSHH stipulates that such hazards must be identified risk assessed prevent impression to or control exposure to and staff should be regularly check if they are continuously working with some high risk substances. COSHH also requires that people at work handling substances should follow the instructions or be trained to handle the substances know what control measures to take and how to take appropriate work on in an emergencyIn a care home environment the employer must make sure that the storage of any substances is safe and legally adequate i.e. incorrect containers, in worthy style, in suitable temperatures, dry area, off of the floor, locked securely etc all chemical substances should have their data sheets listing the ingredients storage rooms sign posted appropriately and have only authorised persons using them etc. The regulation should also explain of how to deal with spillages safely and this would include the spillage of blood and/or urine ho w to dispose of sharps and dispose of soiled materials such as pads.RIDDOR (1995) covers the recording and reporting of dangerous occurrences and accidents in the workplace. I must ensure that these reports be kept for 3 years and they must be available for inspection by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) as and when required. Work places should have a system of reporting injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences as a result of accidents and incidents. An accident is something that happens that results in an injury or death and an incident is something that close to could have happened that might not have caused harm now but could cause an injury, ill health or a fatality in the future. I must report some incidents to the Health and Safety Executive (via RIDDOR) directly and these includeDeath or a major injury Injury resulting in employees being 3 or more Poisoning days off of work Occupational malignant neoplastic diseases Occupational asthma or lung disease Skin mark su ch as (from asbestos)skin cancers or dermatitis Musculo-skeletal disorders including fracturesUnder the Health and Social Care Act 2008 a code of practice was established for the prevention and control of Health Care Associated Infections (HCAIs) setting out how the NHS will go about attempting to prevent HCAIs.1Systems to manage and monitor the prevention and control of infection. These systems use risk assessments and consider how susceptible service users are and any risks that their environment and other users whitethorn pose to them.2Provide and maintain a clean and appropriate environment in managed premises that facilitates the prevention and control of infections.3Provide suitable accurate information on infections to service users and their visitors.4Provide suitable accurate information on infections to any person concerned with providing further support or nursing/ medical care in a by the way fashion.5Ensure that people who have or develop an infection are identified promptly and receive the appropriate treatment and care to clip the risk of passing on the infection to other people.6Ensure that all staff and those employed to provide care in all settings are fully involved in the process of preventing and controlling infection.7Provide or secure adequate isolation facilities.8Secure adequate access to laboratory support as appropriate.9Have and adhere to policies, designed for the individuals care and provider plaques that will help to prevent and control infections.10Ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that care workers are free of and are protected from exposure to infections that can be caught at work and that all staff are suitably educated in the prevention and control of infection associated with the provision of health and social care.The Department of Health 2010 The Health and Social Care Act 2008 Code of Practice on the prevention and control of infections and related guidance.My employer has to show how it is implementing th ese codes as best suited to the organisation and assessed and inspected by the Care Quality Commission.The Public Health Control Of Diseases Act 1984 and the Public Health (infectious Diseases) Regulations provides information about disease which are risks such as Dysentery, cholera, diphtheria and food poisoning etc . It explains how an outbreak should be handled, recorded and reported and the responsibility of informing the environmental health officer of the outbreak so that an investigation can be carried out.Continue on a separate page if necessaryQUESTION- ( 2.2 )Describe local and organisational policies relevant to the prevention and control of infectionANSWERPolicies that cover the prevention and control of infection at my work place include those ofHand washing technique procedure To wash hands thoroughly after assisting service users (for example after assisting them to use the toilet, change their pad or even after dressing them or feeding them) it is of paramount import ance that I (and my staff team) follow the established method of hand washing. Transference of bacteria via hand to hand contact is the most common way of the spread of infections and pathogens that cause them so it is vital that I carry this out throughout my working practice. My work place has this method displayed in appropriate places (i.e. above hand wash basins) so that it is there to guide me and my staff team. It is a process that should take no more than 15 to 30 seconds and it is a process that is carried out frequently, even if disposable or non disposable gloves are used hand washing technique is still necessary. The facilities must be available and this includes the basin with hot water, ooze and disposable towels.My work place has policies and procedures outlining what to do in the event of the outbreak of infection. It will outline a procedure of recording and reporting on the necessary forms not only for our records but also for RIDDOR. It will direct me to report and outbreak or the suspicion of an outbreak to the home manager or nurse so that they can report to the Environmental Health authorities. If needed a GP will be called in to tend to the service user and will also advise to or report to the localenvironmental health inspector for RIDDOR of a notifiable disease such as dysentery, cholera, MRSA, MSSA, C, Difficile or E, Coli (to relieve oneself a few).The policy will outline the various circumstances of which to notify the Environmental Health Authorities because even though sickness like diarrhoea and influenza are quite common and most people can overcome them with over the counter medications, for elderly people these can pose more of a threat an cause pneumonia or even death if they are not supported straight away because of their weakened repellent system or if they al make have a chest condition.The procedures outline what to do if there is an outbreak in the home depending on what the suspected infection is i.e. best practice in cases of influenza should instruct along the lines of making the conditions present indicate the threat i.e. The signs and symptoms of influenza e.g. Onset of fever, headache, myalgia, cold or electioneeringny nose, sore throat etc symptoms like these in 2 or more individuals in the home within a 3 day period and the preventative treatment that ask to be position into place as a result.Policies of storage and use of substances that are hazardous to health also cover chemical products that are used throughout the work place (i.e. detergents, cleaners, disinfectants, aerosols etc) and the routine and schedule of cleaning areas particularly areas such as bathrooms, wet rooms, toilets and kitchens. Policy and procedure are also provided on how to dispose of items such as sharps and soiled pads Soiled pads should disposed of in yellow sanitation bags which can be disposed of in the clinical waste bin needles and other forms of sharps during drug administration or phlebotomy must b e disposed of in special sharps containers that are collected and incinerated.Some service user may have to use certain aids to help them in their day to day lives and these can also require care and attention so as to reduce infection and spread of infection. Such items as catheters need to be cleaned and the service user would need to clean or assist to clean their most intimate areas so as to prevent infections.Procedure advice on how to clean and care for the aids and how to protect ourselves with appropriate PPE before tending to them. All new catheter bags will beinside of sterile packaging and we must ensure that these are kept sealed and renew according to care plan. Policy and procedure instructing on care of service users stoma bags would also be another example of such aids where infection prevention and control is of great importance.Continue on a separate page if necessaryQUESTION- ( 3.1 )Describe procedures and systems relevant to the prevention and control of infecti onANSWERMy work place also has guidance in the form of policies of when to use Personal Protective Equipment such as gloves, aprons or nighties, masks and eye protection. These are vital as a protective barrier against transference of pathogens from service user to me (or staff) and from me to service user. These must be worn when assisting the service user to toilet, change pads, wash, dress and a neat set when preparing food. They should also be worn when changing bins or clearing up spillages, especially of hazardous substances. The gloves and aprons must be disposable as this reduces the harbouring of pathogens and cuts down the spread of infections.The procedures cover how to don and remove such items as carrying out such methods in sequence cuts down the risk of the spread of infections and transference of pathogens e.g. it may outline a process such asCarry out hand hygiene immediately before and after donning and removing PPE. Don a gownDon a mask (if used)Don eye wear (if used)Don gloves.Such donning of protection must be carried out in this order as to put gloveson firstly would make it difficult to tie and adjust other garments also if hands are gloved it may encourage the user to touch things that may carry infection and then they would transfer when donning other PPE. Donning a mask or eye wear firstly would also be impractical as they would get in the way when donning other items.It is best to don the gown firstly as this has to be done up at the back and then the others (where applicable) and gloves lastly. The procedure will also outline how to don each item of PPE e.g. for donning gloves it may say to don them lastly by inserting hands into gloves and then making sure that the gloves also cover the wrists and also how to (and in what order to) remove each item of PPE in order to cuts down the risk of the spread of infections and transference of pathogens.Cleaning of certain rooms and facilities in the care home require regular cleaning and d econtaminating, disinfecting and sterilisation. Toilets, bathrooms, commodes, equipment such as hoists, bath chairs and handle rails all need to be cleansed in line with the procedure of the home.For example procedure in my care home stipulates that the commodes must be generally cleaned and decontaminated and disinfected after each use, as well as the residents toilets. Soiling may not be visible to the eye however the bacteria still persists so this must be cleaned and disinfected immediately. Similarly bathrooms and wet rooms must be cleaned and disinfected after each use as residue from the service users body would be left behind do bacteria to build up, especially in a damp place.According to procedure I ensure that staffs or myself frequently check the residents toilets (hourly). A checking schedule is placed in the toilet where we tick off that it has been checked. In addition to this when we assist the service user to use the toilets after their use we used disinfecting wi pes to clean down the seat area and a spate wipe to clean the flushing handle whilst applying disinfectant to the toilet bowl. If debris is in the toilet bowl, this must be scrubbed away using the toilet brush. Many service users need our help to use the toilet however some are able to use the toilet themselves and may not remember or be able to disinfect the toilet appropriately after use so we check the toilet hourlyfor this purpose.After we finish assisting the service user, making sure that they wash their hands and they are do comfortable outside of toilet we change gloves to clean gloves (as to not cross contaminate from assisting them to other surfaces) and use cleaning materials that are stored in a secure cupboard in the toilet firstly applying toilet bowl disinfectant to the bowl and scrub bowl with toilet brush (if required) use a disinfecting wipe to clean top of bowl, a fresh one for the seat and another last wipe during the flush. We clean the flushing handle lastly u sing the wipe so as to not risk contamination after touching anywhere else.Where wipes are not used or have run out we use colour coded disposable cleaning cloths and liquid detergents (to remove physical debris) then liquid disinfectant to disinfect the surfaces. These are readily made up to the correct solutions (according to manufactures specifications) and are bottled in colour coded plastic bottles and labelled. For cleaning supplies used in toilets the spray bottles containing the detergent and disinfectants, cleaning cloths, mops and mop-buckets are all red. This gives a clear indication that these are the materials and equipment to be used in the toilet areas only and ensures that these are not used elsewhere in the home providing a procedural barrier against cross contamination.When using the liquid cleaners/disinfectants and cloths we clean and disinfect the flush handle firstly and then work our way down to the bowl to spread of infection from toilet bowl to flush handle. If there is a spillage of urine on the floor then we use water and detergent with a designated mop and mop-bucket (colour coded red) to clean away the spillage. After the physical debris has been removed then we use disinfectant to disinfect the area, ensuring that hazard prototype signs are put in place whilst cleaning is taking place so as to warn others of slippery floor surfaces. We open the window so as to encourage quicker drying of the floor and monitor it for safety and remove signage when drying is complete.After cleaning these areas and supplies are securely pit away, we discard of our PPE in a specific manner which also acts as a procedural preventativebarrier against the spread of infection gloves (turned inside out), apron and then hand hygiene.At the end of a residency and once the room has been voided and all belongings have been removed it is the procedure of our workplace that it should be cleaned and decontaminated, disinfected and sterilised. To do this we have a void team who remove any leftover items to throw away at a local authority refuse centre and get ready to refurbish the room. Wearing PPE we clean, disinfect and use a steam steriliser to sterilise the bed frame and commode (a new mattress is always ordered at the beginning of new residencies) and move these temporarily into a storage room. We also strip the windows of curtains and drapes to launder. The void team then remove the lino and sterilise the room walls and ceiling, skirting door and door frame and handles repaint and lay new lino to flooring. We then replace the window dressings, bed frame and commode.Many other procedures are particular to our home some of which includeDaily, weekly and monthly cleaning of the kitchen and its contents. The storage and maintenance of products and equipment e.g. cleaning chemicals and the required documentation, food stores and the stock rotation, health aids particular to each service user (such as catheters, stoma bags, dressings and p ads), hoists, commodes, stand and twists, transfer boards, PPE etc. Disposal of clinical wastes.Safe handling and brass of sharps.Managing spillages of blood and bodily fluids products.How to report and record and manage occurrences or suspicions of an outbreak.How to report and record accidents and incidents.Best practice of hand hygiene.Handling and laundering of soiled clothes and linen.Continue on a separate page if necessaryQUESTION- ( 3.2 )Explain the potential impact of an outbreak of infection on the individual and the organisationANSWERThe potential impact of an outbreak of infection on the individual can be devastating because it not only means that they have to be cared for in isolation to limit the risk of infection to other service users but it also means that the infection poses great risk to the individuals animation as their immune system is usually compromised and an infection poses a greater threat to their life. The symptoms of having an infection can be very un comfortable for them in the mean time as their body is trying to fight the infection they can recede symptoms such as fever and weakened muscle pain. If their skin is weak and they are bed bound extra care must be taken to make sure that they are cleaned well and turned a great deal to limit the onset of bedsores that can lead to even more complications.In cases of their treatment using some antibiotics (particularly stronger antibiotics that can give risk to the onset of other bacterial infections such as C. Diff because these antibiotics can have the effect of killing the initial infection in the digestive tract but can also kill beneficial, naturally occurring bacteria essential to the health of the digestive system. The resultant imbalance can give rise to C. Diff (which also naturally occurs in the system) to multiply causing an imbalance by over population that is toxic to their system. The resulting symptoms include can give the side effect of diarrhoea and vomiting which in turn pretend aerosols and risk of airborne transmission.The isolation that follows when the individual needs to be cared for and treated separately from others so as to reduce the risk of spread of infections to others can also affect the individuals emotional/ mental wellbeing as they may feel more lonely and depressed during this time and this can affect their self esteem. It is therefore essential that myself and members of staff visit the individual often to maintain social contactwith them and ensure support of their mental health. Visits to the individual from friends and relatives must be stopped until the outbreak has cleared so as limit the risk of cross contamination to the visitors and also protect the resident from bacteria the visitors may unwittingly bring with them. The potential difficulties that follow an infection outbreak for the individual are complex and life threatening.The impact of an infection out break on the organisation can also be devastating as it c an be costly for the treatment that has to be implemented and the organisations reputation can suffer as if poor practice or negligence was discovered after an investigation of the outbreak then it is within the rights of the HSE to prosecute individuals and this can lead to a fine or imprisonment.QUESTION- ( 4.1 )Define the term riskANSWERA risk within a care setting applies to a number of possibilities that can involve the risk posed from use of equipments, the use of substances or the danger of a service user to themselves and others.In terms of infection prevention and control the term risk applies to the level of risk posed from biological hazards or biohazards to people (including service users, staff and visitors). Some biological hazards are those substances that come from living organisms such as people and they can be found in bodily fluids such as blood, vomit, waste matter, saliva etc. Organisms that exist in bodily fluids include HIV, MRSA, influenza, MSSA, C. Difficile , E. Coli and many others.Once a biohazard in my workplace has been identified then I must be able to make the level of risk that it poses to all people which means at what rate and by what means can the organism spread? Is it likely to spreadwithout precautions put in place? What level of harm is posed to others if precautions are not implemented? I would need to rate the level of risk to these factors as low, median(a) or high.QUESTION- ( 4.2 )Outline potential risks of infection within the workplaceANSWERIn a care home setting the potential for the risk of infection greatly increases because the service users are more vulnerable to getting infection then most people. Their susceptibility to infection is increased by a great many factors that affect their immune system, such as their age. Very old peoples immune systems are weaker due to their age and therefore are more susceptible to getting infection. Service users may also be suffering from certain terminal illnesses and this may compromise their immune system or they may be receiving medication or treatment for a terminal illness and this may compromise their immune system e.g. chemotherapy for cancer weakens the immune system. When people are ill or are elderly and suffer from degenerative diseases such as dementia their diets can change and they can begin to eat less or not feel like eating at all. For instances if they undergo a major operation like a hip replacement or have part of their digestive tract removed and acquire a stoma then they may have mixed-up their appetite or find it difficult to change their diet risking them of becoming malnourished.Their nutritional status becomes poor as a result hence pliable their immune system. If they have had surgery and have wounds, stitches or some kind of skin trauma as a result, this greatly increases the risk to infection as the skin has been breached and this is the bodys greatest defence barrier against infection. These areas of the skin are under going healing and must be kept cleansed regularly to reduce bacteria. Stomas for the clog up of excrement via the bowl or urine, catheters for the drainage of urine from the bladder via the urethra and cannulas inserted into the service users arm for the administration of intravenously all give a way to entry directly into the body.This increases the risk to theservice user of infection not only as a direct passage but also if the bags, needles or tubing are not sterile when used or if they become blocked and bacteria can then quickly build up. As mentioned before the use of some drugs can increase a service users risk to infection e.g. strong antibiotics changing the levels of natural bacteria in the body and causing an imbalance creating C. Diff infection or chemotherapy drugs weakening the immune system exposing the service user to risk of infection.The service user in a weakened state also becomes at greater risk of carrying infections and can spread pathogens themselves. There are highly contagious blood borne diseases such as Hepatitis B, HIV or MRSA that can be transferred to others who have to interact with them such as myself and staff who are providing care. Friends and relatives and other visitors can also be exposed to these infections. Aerosols from air borne pathogens such as the norovirus or influenza can transfer to others from the carriers vomit. The same is true of outside visitors bringing in such pathogens and risking infection to the service users who have weakened immune systems and who would find it more difficult to fight off such pathogens and sometimes fatal.People coming into the care home environment from outside also include myself and the staff team. We must be aware of our own personal hygiene and health as we can also be carriers of air borne viruses such as colds, flu, diarrhoea and vomiting. As care workers staff and myself need to be even more vigilant about our personal hygiene, state of health and our infection control pra ctice. We must be extra vigilant when working within the care home as we are tending to different service users so it is vital that we practice a high standard of infection control procedure and adhere the requirements as set out in our organisations procedures so as to prevent cross contamination and the spread of infections between potentially contagious and vulnerable service users.We must ensure that we are clean and tidy for work and that our personal hygiene and attire does not pose a risk of infection to the service users and we must be responsible for our health and monitor this as if we do have a cold or flu it is best that we do not enter the work place as these illnesses can be detrimental to ourservice users. It is therefore vital that we follow our organisations procedure on our fitness for work and take the appropriate run and inform our manager of our state of health as this could save a persons life. It is therefore essential that I and my staff treat all individual s as high risk in the light of potential risk factors of infection in a care home environment.The equipment that we use with the service users often come into contact with the service users. Equipment such as hoists, stand and turns, banana boards, commodes, walking frames, profiling beds all come into contact with service users who may be carrying infections or pathogens that will cause infections. In addition areas such as toilets, bathrooms, doors and door handles and stand rails are also areas where bacteria and pathogens can sit and survive. Some pathogens are very resistant and can survive in a dormant state until the conditions in their surroundings becomes right then they can multiply e.g. the spores of C. Diff. It is therefore essential that regular cleaning to the schedule is carried out thoroughly as to limit the opportunity for pathogens to harbour.

Globalization, Ethics and Islam Essay Example for Free

Globalization, Ethics and Islam EssayIan Markham in his book stated his pull in of religion and its value to human race. Just like the view of state Nursi, his source of ideology, he firmly believed in world peace that is founded on deep religious ethics. For Markham, all religions of the world have responsibility and warrant in keeping example ethics alive in the society. This is contrary to the view of Alasdair MacIntyre who claimed that thither are adequate non-religious alternative foundations for ethics (p. 66) Aristotle who said that moral assertion is an intelligible cloth (p. 68) and other names in history like Kant, Hume.Globalization therefore, will make its sense in the absence of shun and war, and in upholding ethical values instituted in religious beliefs worldwide. Though he accepts justification for ethics of other religion, yet he believes that Islam faith could draw clearly the idea of ethical system. Religions of the world should establish its own paradig m of ethics for Markham puts it, because moral factors should (and in practice do) shape our public life (p. 68). He except added, The basic commitment to decency in our public discourse is a moral judgment that the public square needs. Furthermore, Markham also believes that the place of religion is private and not public, which he meant that the State should not control the citizens beliefs and practices but the same should not allow any public expression of religious belief for public rowdyism would ensue (p. 67). Therefore, as Markham tried to explain, religion has greater responsibility in maintaining world peace if it holds to the principles of morality and ethicss for only when faith made sense, ethical framework would not have any sense either.Comparative Analysis of Markhams View and doubting Thomas Michels on Issue of Ethics and Globalization Thomas Michel the advocate of Catholic faith believes that there are similarities in his view and that of Markham on erupt of r eligion and world peace, which he called the ethics of peace (p. 37). He recognized the contribution of these two great persons to the topic. Pope John Paul II on Worlds Day in 2002 delivered a subject matter that proposed, True peace must rest on referee and forgiveness (p. 37).Pope explained that peace in form of cease-fire only amplify the issue while peace may be attained by getting to the heart of the conflict and try to heal human relations (p. 38). He added, when there is oppression or injustice peace is impossible. The resolution for world peace according to Pope is justice in forms of moral virtue and legal batten down these, he believed are the elements of international system of relations among peoples full respect for rights and responsibilities (p.38). This concept is closely related with the idea presented by Markham in which, religion has to endure on idea of having moral and ethical standard established and practiced in the society. Markham clearly emphasized in his book that the world needs deeply committed orthodox, exponents of each tradition to outline an ethical system that is both true to the beliefs and practices of that tradition (p. 65).The Pope emphasized in the message the importance of justice and forgiveness as virtues people must embrace to have peace. Quran teaches about patience, which is a predominant virtue in that book. Yusuf 12 verse 90 of Quran says, mavin who is mindful of God and patient indeed God will not forfeit the recompense due to those who do good. Work Cited Markham, Ian S. and Ozdemir, Ibrahim. Globalization, Ethics and Islam The Case of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi. Burlington, USA Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. , 2005

An Analysis Of Environmental Toxicology Environmental Sciences Essay

An Analysis Of environmental Toxicology Environmental Sciences EssayEnvironmental Toxicology is a rapidly developing field concerned with the research how internal and unreal pollutants disturb the health of humans, wildlife, and whole ecosystems. It involves application of a variety of techniques to study the impact of nephrotoxic agents on living organisms and provides powerful tools for assessing the risks associated with the presence of these agents. It draws on a variety of scientific disciplines to describe, measure, explain and predict the severity and frequency of adverse effects on living organisms due to environmental toxi arset exposure. befoulment, depletion of resources and disintegration of bionomic functions are of global, regional and local concerns. Environmental toxicology presents many practical applications to these problems. The findings are used by government agencies to set new contaminant control standards and to break down the severity of damage in an ecosystem and develop the smartest ways to go about cleaning it up. Land development companies may also work with environmental toxicologists to introduce sure that clearing and construction efforts are as environment tout ensembley-friendly as workable. It involves testing soil, water, and circularize samples to look for the source pollution, and use their findings to better understand health impacts on native species. Pakistan, as developing country, is facing challenges with a number of serious environmental issues such as degeneration of innate resources, industrial and vehicular pollution, pollution of coastal environment, deterioration of human health. Summarizing in financial terms, the annual cost of environmental derogation in the country is about 4.3 % of GDP (US $ 4.3 billion). This workshop is about the growing amount of pollution in Pakistan. Examines findings of different studies proving that health is being adversely affected by a variety of environmental contam inants. The above view has arisen due to a number of factors including high population growth rate, prevailing poverty, unplanned urban and industrial expansion, insufficient emphasis on environmental tax shelter in the government policies, lack of public awareness and education and lack of institutional capacity and resources for effective environmental vigilance. To prevent continued environmental humiliation and the decline of human environmental health, interactions between human, other living organisms and the environment have to be in harmony. This is achievable finished an integrated, holistic approach cover education and research activities in natural sciences, socio-economic and political factors with technological, economic and socio-cultural interventions. Increasing awareness of environmental degradation is resulting in proliferation of environmental legislation throughout the world. This need towards greater environmental protection has created a demand for scie ntists skilled in assessing environmental resources and to a greater extent consequentially the problems associated with their exploitation. Environmental assessment may be indispensable to evaluate the biological, physical or hydrological resources of any environment, and to place these resources within a wider geographical context. This workshop is an effort to provide a broad foundation of scientific based skills to evolve, equipping environmental professions, particularly in areas relating to environmental protection and management. Furthermore, the national and international requirements have been under concern for better environmental management grounds the inter-relationship between sustainable economic development and environmental protection.Opening remarks from Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf, Ch jobman department of pharmacology and toxicology/the Director Research UVAS, were followed by that of Prof. Dr. Mohammad Nawaz, Vice prime minister UVAS, and Prof. Dr. Mrs. Kausar J amal Cheema, Dean Faculty of Natural Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, all of whom emphasized the importance to utilize the collective wisdom in provision of improved methods for toxicity assessment and cerebral means for estimating health risk in order to promote public health and to provide a better and safer environment to prevent health problems forwards they occur. They added further it is our mission to train new environmental toxicologists and address pertinent environmental toxicology questions through education and research in areas such as chemical substance caboodle, bioavailability, biological effect, toxicokinetics, and mechanisms of action. A focus on interdisciplinary approaches and scientific skills is fundamental to our education and research activities.Dr. Sohail Ejaz (co-author of this report), PhD, University of Cambridge, UK co-ordinator and workshop organizer presented on the innovative assessment techniques for evaluating impact of crinkle Pol lution upon Neuroinflammatory diseases of Central nervous system and how these studies could be implemented in our laboratories. New dimensions have been added to the array of outcome measures. Medical outcomes research straight recognizes that patient well-being should be broadly conceptualized and measured rigorously, in addition to considering the biological process of the disease itself. As a result, health-related quality of life, the perception of well-being, is at once considered a necessary component of outcomes research. Toxicologic studies have also gained in sophistication through incorporation of more slender indicators of effect and the careful analyse of the relationship between exposure and biologically relevant doses to target sites, which may now be considered at a molecular level. He also gave an overview of all his research activities conducted at Department of Clinical Neuroscience and how to work upon such techniques in our country with scarced resources and what targets to be achieved further to overcome environmental pollution issues in Pakistan. Dr. Sohail Ejaz shoot down to a close to develop and support research programs, outreach and other services that address critical issues in environmental health and toxicology.An international speaker Prof. Dr. Gerry Amor Camer, Dean, College of veterinary surgeon Medicine from University of Eastern Philippines, broad casted through video conferencing facility. He shared his remarkable research work on tissue toxicology and presented a let out on Understanding the pathology of tissues exposed to various toxins and pollutants. Assessment of the environmental effects of chemicals is complicated as it depends on the organisms tested and involves not only the toxicity of individual chemicals, notwithstanding also their interactive effects, genotoxicity, mutagenecity and immunotoxicity testing. He further elaborated that a number of stressors affect the environment and sometimes when showing sy nergistic effects they become troublesome to quantify or predict their individual effects. Thus, there is a need to understand the toxi toleratet effects at molecular levels to predict their effects and active techniques to be constantly modified to provide better means of their quantification.Dr. Zulfiqar Ali, Department of wildlife and ecology, UVAS, presented on Sources and Health effects of different Air pollutants. The mechanisms for modeling and understanding the fate of air pollutants through atmospheric transport, deposition into water and soil, bioaccumulation, and ultimate uptake to receptor organs and systems in the human body are complex. These require more experimental and theoretical developments in order to produce approaches for characterization and appropriate strategies and assays for screening in order to detect the harmful agents and prevent them from reaching sensitive endpoints.This seminar and workshop provided researchers from all over Pakistan a comprehens ive platform where all facets of environmental pollution as it exists in our country to be fully explored and a forum to these professionals and researchers to discuss and present latest research trends and results in the field of Toxicology. Such initiatives help to support the study, analysis, and solution of environmental problems which are ultimately bear upon the health of human beings, animals, plants, soils and over all eco-system integrity. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf highlighted different research activities rendered by the department of Pharmacology and Toxicology in the recent years at his institution. He discussed the mental institution of new laboratories at the department an effort to open doorways to many new dimensions thus promoting the advancement and application of scientific research related to the contaminants. This included the shaping of Angiogenesis Toxicology lab (ATRL) and a Neuropharmacology lab in the faculty a progressive step for Applied Neuropharmaco logy Cancer research. He elaborated further that our research aims to jell how environmental pollutants interact with cellular functions and give rise to long-lasting adverse health effects in vertebrates including humans. We are particularly interested in toxic effects that target the ductless gland system, the reproductive system and the early brain development and other systems in vertebrates. Enzyme-catalysed activation in target cells and tissues and receptor-mediated responses are important areas of research. With an introduction of these laboratories, it is also an effort in attracting very high quality students across Pakistan and foreign qualified and relevant faculty members to take lead on viable research projects needed to address our country-specific problems.Speakers from various universities and Govt. departments presented their research projects and research papers. Mr. Khaleeq Anwar, PhD Scholar, presented his work on Impact of Automobile rickshaw on Public healt h. He presented evidence that Automobile rickshaws are among one of the major sources of air pollution in Pakistan, contaminants released from them include the major pollutants Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Hydrocarbons (HC) and Particulate Matter (PM) expressing their desolate effects in deteriorating public health. To have a control over contaminants realized by these two-or three stroke conventional rickshaws CNG rickshaws were introduced. Mr. Rizwan Ahmad, Assistant Director, Vehicular Pollution Control, Govt. of Punjab, further extended the talk by presenting on Advantages of CNG over other fuels. He presented his study on the nature of the toxicants effluent by burning natural gas as fuel and a comparative analysis was made between the nature of the contaminants released by both conventional automobile rickshaw and CNG rickshaw. statistically significant data was evidenced that emphasized the use of CNG rickshaw to be preferred over the conventional two-or thre e stroke rickshaws.Lubna Shakir, PhD Scholar, discussed the public health problems horny due to discharge of tannery effluent wastewater directly into the ground in the city of Kasur. The environment is under increasing pressure from solid and liquid wastes emanating from the lash industry. These are inevitable by-products of the leather manufacturing process and cause significant pollution unless treated in some way prior to discharge. The effect of excessive pollutant levels commonly found in tannery effluents can be severe. Water is so contaminated that potable water has high levels of chromium and other toxicants have been reported in appreciable amounts unfit to be used by public. She presented a comprehensive lecture entitled, Chemical, microbiological and toxicological screening of tannery effluent wastewater. In her work she quantified the various toxicants and examine their deleterious effects employ laboratory animals by using various dilutions of this tannery waterwa ste. She further elaborated her talk that assessment of the environmental effects of chemicals is complicated as it depends on the organisms tested and involves not only the toxicity of individual chemicals, but multiple factors are involved in relation to health behaviors, which may lots result in adverse health outcomes.Zahida Umer, a young researcher, outlined the data showing the Measurement of pollution levels in different areas of Lahore by using carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide meters, and other available contaminant measurement meters and impacter for particulate matter in different areas of Lahore and provided a comparative analysis of these toxicants at different areas. She further lucubrated her talk by explaining different methodologies for air pollution measurement. Air pollution can be directly measured as it is emitted by a source in mass/volume of emission (e.g., grams/m3) or mass/process parameter (e.g., grams/Kg fuel consumed or grams/second). Air pollution can als o be measured in the atmosphere as a concentration (e.g., micrograms/m3). Ambient air supervise data is used to determine air quality, establish the extent of air pollution problems, assess whether established standards are being met, and qualify the potential human health risk in an area. Alternatively, air pollution concentrations can be simulated using computer models, and then validated using data collected from direct measurements at selected monitors or sources. Air pollution data and models are used together to examine the impacts of control strategies on the ambient air.Kanwal Zahra, Government College University, presented on Effects of industrial effluent on the thyroid glands of human population. The human body is immensely complex, and our knowledge and awareness of its complexity continues to grow. One of the most disquieting discoveries in recent years concerns the possible roles of environmental chemicals on endocrine systems. Among the hormones (chemical messengers ) operating within the endocrine system are estrogen (a female sex hormone produced by the ovaries) thyroid hormone (influencing the function of virtually every cell in the body) and ACTH (produced by the pituitary gland to influence the release of adrenalin from the adrenal gland). Endocrine systems can be affected by these pollutants by interfering with the normal communication between the messenger and the cell receptors, the chemical message is misinterpreted, generating abnormal response(s) in the body. As thyroid glands releasing hormones influencing the total metabolic rate of the body, in her study she evidenced the various pathological outcomes of thyroid intoxication by these industrial wastes and could be the possible damaging effects resulted.Prof. Dr. Sharif Mughal, Government College University, discussed the impact of various toxicants on marine environment. Petroleum hydrocarbons are found in sea surface tear throughout the world. The oceans have served as a reposit ory for a multitude of wastes and receive effluent from rivers, streams, and groundwater. Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other hydrocarbons adds to the burden of pollutants in the marine environment. Industrial smokestacks, incinerators, outfall pipes, automobiles, lawn chemicals, agricultural chemicals, homes, businesses, commercial ships, and motorized pleasure craft are all sources of contaminants. Many of these chemicals are fat-soluble and come to reside in the fat tissues of marine animals. Some of these chemicals have been characterized as endocrine disrupters some are believed to reduce reproductive success, to interfere with developmental processes, and/or to suppress immune function. new(prenominal) chemicals, such as PAHs, do not bioaccumulate in marine mammals but may have adverse impacts on the health of marine animals through ingeminate exposure and metabolic response. He evidenced the above scenario by presenting his study on the Serological and histological changes in the liver of Labeo Rohita dur due to fluoride intoxication. An effort to characterize the types of lesions produced by these chemical contaminants found in, the metabolic response to such contaminants, and the extent of tissue damage caused by exposure to these contaminants. He further elaborated his talk that animals are exposed to natural toxicants in their native environments as well as to synthetic chemicals and drugs. Factors that affect the toxicity include those related to the toxicants , which influence how it take part and ultimately influence the factors related to the host animals that change its ability to detoxify or adapt to the toxicant.The final Lecture of the workshop was presented on the topic, Characterization of Environmental pathologies by immunohistochemistry by Dr. Sohail Ejaz, PhD, University of Cambridge, England. He flesh out his talk that Environmental toxicity encompasses the study of the toxic properties of no t only synthetic chemicals but natural also, including their effects on humans and animals as well as their movement and fate in the environment. It is a need to develop research techniques for the assessments of effects of these pollutants and monitoring their lethal effects not on human health only but affecting every living being and our eco-system. Thus putting our enunciate efforts to provide a better and safer environment to prevent health problems before they occur.ConclusionThis was a variegate workshop to support and promote the study, analysis, and solution of environmental problems which ultimately affecting the health of human beings, animals, plants, soils, damage buildings and other property and uplift of awareness level at National and International level through research and development. We can live a healthy life in a clean environment and it can only be achieved by realizing and understanding the importance of clean environment. Therefore to provide awareness abou t the effects of all possible environmental pollutants and the corresponding measures to be taken to decrease contaminants exposure. alike to encourage research techniques for the assessment of effects of these pollutants and monitoring their lethal effects on human health and conserving and protecting our environment.Disclosures and Supplementary InformationThis workshop was organize at Department of Pharmacology Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore in collaboration with the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UKThis meeting was funded by Higher Education Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Challenges to Recruiting Teachers

Ch bothenges to Recruiting TeachersThroughout regional South Australia, Australia and internationally the struggle of indoctrinates to attract and retain both talented and committed graduate instructors is becoming increasingly difficult. This is particularly appargonnt in an era where the demands of educational activity and education are at unprecedented levels. In the United States, a similar situation is evident. Ingersoll (2012) base that the attrition rates of beginning(a)-year disciplineers hold in increased by about one-third in the past two decades. Other studies more specific to Australia, beat reported that the rate of in the raw teachers leaving the profession at the end of their first year is as high as one in atomic number 23 (Baird et al. 2016).There is no question that the attrition rate of graduate teachers is concerning. In my present role in the senior leadership team of a solid ground school in regional South Australia. It is pertinent for me to use my c urrent context as a school leader, as well as my first experience as a graduate teacher as the basis for review on how the Tools for Thinking, more specifically Social Networks and Networked Communities are present and prestigious within a school environment. This report is undertaken with a view to magnify how the complaisant interlocking opportunities and team dynamics that surround new graduate teachers can ask their experiences, as well as their realisation of a positive master identity.There are a number of contri excepting factors recognised as providing the urge for new teachers leaving the profession, including compensation, status and recognition (Rostock et al. 2014). However, increasing evidence through studies into beginning teacher induction including Alsup, 2006 and Britzman, 2003 in Rostock et al. (2014) demonstrate that a teachers ability to come upon the difficult task of forming a workable schoolmaster identity in the midst of competing discourses about t raining is having significant impact on this rate of attrition.It is a common assessment of educational research that new graduate teachers often experience the impact and weight of responsibility in the realisation and workload of their instruction duties (Flores Day 2006). many a(prenominal) new teachers recognise certain disconnections between the expectations theyre set and the actuality of the classroom. Flores Huberman Veenman in (Flores Day 2006) mention feelings of isolation and a continual struggle with an absence seizure of clear abet, encouragement and guidance. In most instances it is evident that the success of beginning teachers can be directly related to their fond network, the culture of the school ground and consequently the graduate teachers fulfillment and development of a positive professional identity.It is important to reflect on the connection between mixer networks and identity specifically their significance to a graduate teachers development. Spence r- Oatey in (Merchant 2012) explains Identity helps people locate themselves in companionable worlds. By helping to define where they belong and where they do not belong in relation to others, it helps to anchor them in their social worlds, giving them a sense of place. Following on, a simple definition of a social network could be explained as the communal links between Actors (Vera Schupp 2006). Knoke and Yang (2008) define Actors as private persons, or a joint, such as a sort out or formal organization.Social networks impact on perceptions, beliefs, and actions through a variety of structural mechanisms that are socially constructed by the relations among entities (Knoke Yang 2008). Therefore, as Vera and Schupp (2006) notify the capacities of an individual to act in society, and the implications of that action, (in this case specifically a teacher in a school environment) depend not only on his/her attri andes but also on the pattern of relations within which he/she is lo cated.It is with the concept of social network analysis that I seek to undertake an investigation into the social network characteristics of my current context in a role of educational leadership, as well as analysing the difficulties and struggles of identity and adapting to the school context, of which I experienced as a graduate teacher.Social Network Analysis (SNA) is founded upon the derivation of a mutual relationship between the individual and society, with the intent of explaining the collective properties that are defined by relational patterns and the similarities or differences between those patterns Haines (1988) in Vera and Schupp (2006). As Merchant (2012) explains Social network analysis helps us to map the relationship between the individual and the larger social systems in which he or she participates. As a result, the relationships themselves have become the unit of analysis (Merchant 2012).The type of network representation that volition be used for analysis bet ween my graduate context and my current leadership context will be an egocentric (Knoke Yang 2008) intentional professional network (Baker-Doyle 2011).Knoke and Yang (2008) describe an egocentric network as one comprised of one actor, the ego, and all other actors, the alters, with whom all the ego has direct relations. Each ego actor can, in turn, be described by the number, intensity, and other characteristics of its linkages with its set of alters, for example, the proportion of reciprocated relations or the density of ties among its alters. (Knoke Yang 2008)An intentional professional network is formed around collective professional relationships, usually based within the local environment (school) and reflects the network of people that teachers select to collaborate and interact with (Baker-Doyle 2011).Graduate Teacher AnalysisIn radiation diagram 1, I have a visual representation of my egocentric intentional professional network and diverse professional allies as a graduat e teacher.I am passionate about dogma in rural communities so I was very excited when I received an duty assignment to a high school in the Mid pairing of South Australia. My specialisation was in Design and Technologies and I was appointed to support the existing unimaginative Technology teacher. When the school finalised my timetable I was placed with a difficult proposition of having to teach a higher load than normally allocated to a new teacher and tributary science. Secondary science was outside my area of specialisation, as can often be the case in teaching at a secondary rural school. However, my concern with science was that it was something I had last studied in Year 10 in high school, and now I was required to teach it at a senior level. I expressed my concern, but was assured support would be in place.In Figure 1, the strength of the relationships are demo by the arrows linking myself to the alters (all other actors). The rectangle boxes demonstrate those professio nals with whom I worked on a daily basis. In the first year or two of teaching, these relationships are pivotal to witness teachers are able to manage the workload.Unfortunately, as is clearly demonstrated by the strength of the arrows, the strength of my relationship and support structures from those whom I needed it most, were sadly absent. more(prenominal) specifically the Science Coordinator, and the Technologies Coordinator, did not want to provide any form of support, induction or resources to a new teacher. This was particularly concerning due to my responsibilities in teaching science an area in which I was not confident. It was at this point in time when the feelings of isolation (Flores Day 2006) began. Without realising at this time, my small intentional professional network as a graduate for sure affected the development and confidence of my professional identity.Whilst I found teaching science, and working with the coordinator, an immense struggle, I was extremely f ortunate to have a fellow technologies teacher who was incredibly supportive (The relational link in Figure 1 is strong). He back up me in managing the technologies and daily administration portion of my teaching requirements successfully. To this day, and upon reflection, I am still incredibly grateful for his support and of the mentoring role he provided. I would certainly not have continued or been present in the teaching profession without his input or the influence of the students.Whilst some of the important relationships on the school site were incredibly difficult, I was also fortunate to have access to some divers(a) Professional Allies. Baker-Doyle (2011) describes Diverse Professional Allies as nontraditional support providers who are not usually considered professionals, such as parents, volunteers, or students. Diverse Professional Allies are invested in the professional growth of the teachers (Baker-Doyle 2011).The Diverse Professional Allies are represented in Figu re 1 through the hexagonal shapes. A regional group of Technologies educators and my fellow university graduates were recognised as one type of Diverse Professional Ally. Each of these groups were able to provide me with insights from across the state and encouragement to continue as well as the scrap and support to drive improvement in my existing professional practice.The most significant Diverse Professional Allies that I was fortunate to have in my social network were the students. The students, amongst all of the difficulties with staff, made it all make sense. Their personalities, enthusiasm and individual perspectives made the time in class worthwhile. They were the incentive to keep going, to go out and research more about science, to continually improve my delivery. Baker-Doyle (2011) explains Diverse Professional Allies help teachers challenge the traditional norms of the school or teaching and break out notions about curriculum or practice that limited the teachers perso nal involvement in the curriculum (Baker-Doyle 2011). This was certainly the case for the students in my network.Figure 1 Matt Linns Graduate egocentric Intentional Professional Network and Diverse Professional AlliesSenior Leader Analysis8 days on, my current context is also represented in an egocentric intentional professional network as demonstrated in Figure 2. Throughout the time since I was a graduate teacher, my intentional professional network has changed considerably. The development of my confidence and responsibilities over time have impacted on the size of my social network in a professional environment.My teaching role changed from its traditional sense approximately 4 years ago when I took on a position of directing information technology (IT). The role of IT in schools has dramatically challenged the landscape and traditional structure that schools have often used. Core school operational management systems were now all being run through IT. The whole school requir ed IT support and knowledge to manage the abrupt changes that were taking place. Many traditional school operations were required on systems never previously used. Almost overnight, my role in IT became one supporting an entire Mid North Partnership. Whilst this was a significant responsibility, the heart and soul this change had on my social networks particularly my intentional professional network, was transformational. This was a turning point for me as it clearly demonstrated the power and importance of having effective, but also diverse social networks.Following on, it has been possible for me to focus on building strong intentional professional networks and lever the support as well as realising the vital importance of effective social networks for the teaching profession.The sum of the relational links in Figure 2, are much stronger and dependable in my current context. The change in responsibilities including different forms of line-management, as well as working in senior leadership have meant that type of relations I now hold have altered considerably. Rather than only having the capacity to work with one or two cardinal people within my intentional professional network, I have the chance of working very closely, with purpose, alongside a number of people throughout the week. The opportunity to relate to a number of people cannot be understated when reflecting on the significance of social networks, graduate support and the development of a positive professional identity.It is also important to note how the development of confidence and professional experience that is gained over time certainly has a significant effect in social network development. Knoke and Yang (2008) explain the dynamic nature of relations structural relations should be viewed as dynamic processes. This principle recognizes that networks are not static structures, but are continually changing through interactions among their constituent people, groups, or organizations (Knoke Yang 2008).In my current context as a senior leader (Figure 2) I am now able work with a team across the school to reflect on our own school context how our social networks can effect a graduate teachers development. A significant focus on building a positive school culture have meant that the focus is now centred on support, induction and mentoring. Reinforcing the importance of culture on networks and professional identity, Flores and Day (2006) in their research found that perceptions of school culture and leadership impacted upon the ways in which new teachers learned and their identity developed over time.Thus, moving forward, the focus for schools and teacher education, must be in bolstering the importance of effective professional support networks for all staff. Whilst the focus of this report has been centred on new graduate teachers, the impact of networks on the establishment and development of a positive professional identity for all teachers cannot be understated. Indu ction programs, mentors and a supportive culture are an implicit responsibility of all schools. We all have a mutual responsibility for ensuring that new teachers have and are able to sustain and put into practice a set of values which represent aspirations for a passion for high quality teaching and learning (Flores Day 2006). Positive social networks are a paramount in ensuring new teachers are supported for long term engagement in the teaching profession.Figure 2. Matt Linns Senior Leader Intentional Professional Network and Diverse Professional Allies.Reference ListBaird, J, Stroud, G, Goss, P Clark, L 2016, The fig up Friday September 16 The figures are somewhat better in five Australian teachers leaving the profession early, ABC.Baker-Doyle, KJ 2011, Looking at networks network types and the networking practices of new teachers, The networked teacher how new teachers build social networks for professional support, Teachers College Press, New York, pp. 18-32.Flores, MA Da y, C 2006, Contexts which shape and reshape new teachers identities A multi-perspective study, Teaching and Teacher Education, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 219-232.Ingersoll, RM 2012, root word Teacher Induction What the Data Tell Us, Phi Delta Kappan Magazine, vol. 93, no. 8, pp. 47-51.Knoke, D Yang, S 2008, Network fundamentals, Social network analysis, no. 2, pp. 4-14.Merchant, G 2012, Unravelling the social network scheme and research, Learning, Media and Technology, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 4-19.Rostock, R, Yoon, S, Remillard, J Wood, D 2014, Developing a workable teacher identity Building and negotiating identity within a professional network, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, University of Pennsylvania.Vera, ER Schupp, T 2006, Network analysis in comparative social sciences, Comparative Education, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 405-429.

Louis XIV and Absolutism Principles

Louis XIV and Absolutism PrinciplesThe castling of Versailles is considered to be one of the greatest expressions of European Absolutism. Louis XIV, likewise cognise as the Sun King, reigned for 72 years he is credited for building this monumental castle. Starting in 1661, he transformed a sm only, quaint hunting lodge into a glittering castle. He drained swamps, make over a village and clearly changed the landscape to build one of the most renowned castlings in the world.ThesisLouis XIVs castle of Versailles is a visible and cultural manifestation of the principles of absolutism. Louis XIVs palace embodied the essence of absolutism through its Classicist symbols of power, its sheer size and luxuriousness and through the accommodate of the nobles on palace grounds.Reason 1Louis XIVs palace of Versailles is the epitome of the principles of absolutism. As an Absolutist King, Louis XIV was profoundly influenced by Classicism. The influence of Classicism can be seen throughout the palace. These discordant(a) references to Classicism were meant to reinforce Louis XIVs rule as a bulletproof and centralized authority figure.Reason 2When Louis XIV moved his court and government to Versailles, he gained more control of the government and the nobility. By keeping potential threats near him, he rendered them powerless. Reason 3The palace of Versailles sheer size and splendour exhibited Louis XIVs despotic wealth and boasted his power as an absolute monarch. The size and grandeur of the palace sent a message to the people of France and to other leaders that he had complete authority and that no one should dare defy him.Reason 1As an Absolutist King, Louis XIV was greatly impacted by Classicism. There were various references to Classicism throughout the palace, these references were meant to cement Louis XIVs rule as a strong and centralized figure of authority.The exterior of the palace is considered to have a classical public figure with Roman columns.The Main entrance- when people passed through it, they had to pass under a replica of Louis XIVs crown. This served as a constant reminder of his power to all who entered and left-hand(a) Versailles.Louis XIV had a Classicist inspired statue of himself created with the following inscriptionWorld come and see what I see,And what the Sun admires,Rome in one palace, in Paris an Empire,And all the Caesars in one KingThis engraving on a statue shows Louis XIV article of belief that he is as strong as Roman Emperors. He also refers to himself as the Sun, which is an allusion to the Greek Sun God Apollo.The Latona Fountain- The fountain tells the story of Apollos mother. This is another indication of Classicism which is what Absolutism was influenced by.His silver throne was 8 feet high this reinforced the notion that the King was larger than life.Hercules Drawing Room- The mode was specifically built to house a Venetian painting. Hercules, who was a Roman demigod, was known for his streng th and for making the world safe for mankind.Since Versailles was an embodiment of Louis rule, having a room named after Hercules shows that Louis believed he himself can stand in comparison to Hercules.The Mars Room- The room was originally used to house the guards. Mars was the Roman God of war. Having a room named after Mars depicts Louis XIVs ability to go to war and emerge victoriousLouis XIV also had a very large bronze statue of himself on horseback. He believed that the King and the state were one this statue all with other art was created to body forth that.The Hall of Mirrors- The hall became a symbolic focus of the palace. The walls of the hall housed busts of Roman Emperors. This furthered reinforced Louis XIVs connection to Classicism.Reason 2When Louis XIV decided to make the palace the new centre for the royal court, he moved his court and the nobles to Versailles. By doing so, he was able to keep an eye out on all nobles and consequently preventing them from revolt ing and maintaining his power.Louis XIV required that nobles of certain standings to spend time at Versailles.This prevented the nobles from developing their own provincial power at the cost of his power.He prevented them from filet his efforts to centralize the French government and retain absolute authority.There were parts of the palace that were specifically made for housing nobles.All the power of France was centered at Versailles there were government offices there, the palace acted as the homes of thousands of courtiers.To attract the Louis XIVs attention, the nobles visited the royal residence regularly and observed the rigid rules of conduct the King set out.In requite for their constant availability, the nobles were rewarded with royal pensions, living quarters in the palace of Versailles and regular invitations to festivities and ceremonies.Louis XIV was able to draw the nobles favour and keep an eye at them all at once.By holding the nobles at a greater importance than previous Kings had, Louis XIV gave them a sense of service.This sense of service was useful to the demesne and contributed to control over the nobility, thereby strengthening Louis XIVs absolute authority.Reason 3The palace of Versailles size and finery exhibited Louis XIVs supreme wealth and boasted his power as an absolute monarch. The palace itself sent a message to the people of France and to other leaders that Louis XIV was in full control.The Park of Versailles has over 2037 acres with over 232 acres of gardens.The palace grounds include over 12 miles of roads, 50 fountains, 67 staircases, 200 000 trees, 6000 paintings, 2100 sculptures, and 6000 pieces of furniture.The palace had a total of 700 rooms.The palace employed nearly 600 people, while housing thousands of courtiers and friends of Louis XIV.The Battle Gallery- The gallery was 120 metres long. It was dedicated to the difference battles fought by the French.These larger than life features of the palace emphasized Loui s XIVs power and intimidated any visitors.The Peace Room- It was built to depict France as the arbitrator of peace.The Queen had her own staircase. She even had a whole room in which nobles waited to meet with her.The Royal Chapel- A number of spiritual ceremonies took place at the chapel. The King and Queen sat at the very top of the chapel. This indicated that they (especially the King) were closer to God making them more important than the rest of the people. remainderThe palace of Versailles is considered to be one of the greatest expressions of European Absolutism. Louis XIVs palace underwent a transformation from being a small hunting lodge to an extravagant palace the likes of which had never been seen before. The Palace embodied the essence of absolutism through its Classicist symbols of power, its size and luxuriousness and through the housing of the nobles on palace grounds. The palace of Versailles pass on forever remain an expression of the principles of the Absolutism that dominated the 17th century.CHY4U0- The West and the WorldHow is Louis XIVs palace of Versailles a physical and cultural manifestation of the principles of absolutism?As an Absolute monarch, Louis XIV was significantly influenced by Classicism. There were various references to Classicism throughout the palace of Versailles. These prevalent references were meant to bolster Louis XIVs rule as a strong and centralized leader. The exterior faade of the palace is considered to be inspired by Classicism. The palace includes beautifully crafted Corinthian columns complete with elaborate capitals decorated with acanthus leaves. The Main Gateway that led to the palace had a replica of Louis XIVs crown. The crown served as a constant reminder of his power and presence to all those who entered Versailles. There are also a number of rooms such as the Apollo Room, which compared his powers to that of the Greek and Roman Gods. Louis XIV also had a number of statues of himself in the palace a nd around palace grounds. These statues along with other forms of artwork were created to embody the Absolutist belief that the King and the state were one. The influence of Classicism can be seen throughout the Palace of Versailles this emphasizes the belief that the palace is a manifestation of Absolutism.

Zora Neale Hurston Essay -- Zora Neale Hurston

Throughout the history of our great nation, we have been blessed with many great writers those smuggled and white. Some of these writers have left profoundly inspirational impressions on our expects, touching us in a way that will neer be forgotten. During the Roaring 20s, many new aspects of life were introduced to American society, forever changing our lives. Along with the Roaring 20s, came the Harlem Renaissance, a cultural suit during which black art, literature, and music received much deserved credit. It originated in New York Citys Harlem district and was also called the Black Renaissance, or New Negro Movement. It was quite special K in African-American society for people to exchange tales and folklores that stemmed as far back as their ancestors days in Africa. nonpareil of the most accomplished writers of this time was a beautiful, young and extremely intelligent woman. This young woman took this common practice and used them in her novels and tales. It was this si mple all the same intriguing idea for writing stories that helped launch Zora into the forefront of the Harlem Renaissance. Regardless, of her trying and discouraging lifestyle as a child, Zora chose to press onward and upward throughout her life. Zora had to a greater extent than her fair share of hardships from her early childhood up until her last days on this earth. Though tough times were all too frequent, Zora continuously worked inexhaustibly towards her destiny. In her lifetime she was acknowledged as a leading force for the Harlem Renaissance, forever revolutionizing Americas views of African-Americans as well as the great intelligence and creative capability of women. Through her short stories, poems, and novels Zora was able to reach many people nation wide and therefore further pronounce her views and beliefs to those black and white. On January 7, 1891 in Notasulga, Alabama Lucy Ann Potts Hurston gave birth to the sixth of her eight children. This child was given the name Zora or light of dawn, little did her parents know, she would certainly live up to her meaningful name. Lucy Ann Potts Hurston was an elementary school teacher until she later married John Hurston, a mulatto pastor of Zion Hope Baptist Church and the Macedonia Baptist church, farmer, carpenter and later mayor of Eatonville of 1897 serving three terms. When she was th... ... using blacks as a means of buying votes. In 1954 she criticized the desegregation ruling in Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Ks. In this article she stated that she believed that black children and white children should not attend the same schools. Zora went on writing many publications that separated her from blacks she was marked as a traitor. For this evidence she spent her last days alone and in poverty working as a domestic until falling ill and dying of a solidus in 1960. However controversial, Zora will be remembered for her great contributions to the Harlem Renaissance and fine literary wo rks. She has been a very influential and a true inspirational approximate to many writers of today. One that comes to mind is a local playwright by the name of Mari Evans, who recently did a rendition of Hurstons novel Their Eyes Were notice God, titled Eyes Zora had a different outlook on life than most African Americans of her time but has remained the cornerstone of the Harlem Renaissance making black culture known and felt by all. That is why Zora will remain an outstanding and successful pillar in the literary world for many years to come.

Best Time to Visit India Essay --

India is one of the few countries in the world that experiences varied weather conditions at different times of the year. The major seasons in the Indian subcontinent are summer, monsoon and winter. An all important(p) aspect of Indias climatic conditions is that the weather does not remain the same throughout the length of the nation. As such one can expect laid-back precipitation in the southern fringes of the country when the northern regions are experiencing snowfall. Thus, the best time to prate India is determined by the places that one selects to travel and the weather of those special(prenominal) places.Best Time to Visit the Famous Cities in IndiaThe following list contains information about the climatic conditions and the flush tourist attractions of the famous cities in IndiaDelhi transcend the list of the famous cities is Delhi, owing to a large number of tourist spots that include the Red Fort, Qutub Minar, Rashtrapati Bhawan and the Lotus Temple. However, it must be noted that this metropolis experiences an extreme climate with very savory summers and harsh winter. Therefore the most apt time to visit Delhi would be between October and March, when the weather is moderate.Mumbai Touted as the metropolis of Dreams that boasts of an array of tourist attractions like the Nariman Point, the Gateway of India, Church Gate and the Film City, Mumbai is among the top favorites of travelers. The climatic conditions prevalent in this city are typically Indian, with hot and humid summers and cool down winters. The best time to visit this city would be between October and March. Hyderabad If you want to explore the wonders of Southern India, Hyderabad must be at the top of your list. This city that is rife of tourist destinations like the Char Minar and t... ...e and Eden Gardens, Kolkata is one of the most visited cities in India. However, Kolkata experiences tropical weather conditions due to which the best time to visit t would be between October a nd March.Bangalore Bestowed with different names like Garden City and Silicon City, the city of Bangalore is regarded as the technological hub of India. Although typically, Bangalore has a very winsome weather at all times, September to February is very appropriate for sightseeing. Lal Bagh, Tipu Sultans Palace and Bannerghata National Park are among the most visited sites by the tourists.Important Points to RememberSince India has varied climatic conditions, one must regard the weather of the place to be visited. Since major cities in India have hot summers and cool or chilly winters, it is suggested that travel plans are made between the months of October and March.