Jurassic Park :: essays research papers

The Question of Control as Presented in Jurassic Park According to Arnold Pacey How could one describe the relationship between valet de chambre and nature? Perhaps it is one of pull wires, a constant struggle between the power of the elements and the sophistication of human mechanization. Could it be one of symbiosis, where man and nature coexist in relative peace? Are we, as a species, simply a part of natures constantly changing realm? This field of study is one that philosophers have debated for centuries. Where does mankind fit into the vast network of interacting environments and beings called nature? From the beginning of time, we have attempted to set ourselves apart from the rest of Earths creatures. Given the ability to reason, and to feel, and most importantly, to choose, we find ourselves with &quotthe impulse to master and manipulate elemental force&quot (Pacey 86). We must fight, we must advance, and we must control all these elements of the natural world. But just how much of that world do we control? Surely people attempt and perceive control oer nature, just now do they succeed? The question of control, everywhere nature in specific, is one of the prevalent themes that runs through Michael Crichtons Jurassic Park. This novel is set on a small island off the coast of Costa Rica called Isla Nubar. On this island, construction of a new, virtuostic, state of the art park is almost complete, when a gathered team of paleontologists, businessmen, and a mathematician arrive to approve of the park opening. All seems well until the &quotexperts&quot lose control of the park, leaving the main attractions, genetically engineered dinosaurs, free to roam and hunt. This handout of control further contributes to the downward spiral the park experiences, resulting in numerous deaths. How, one might ask, could a team of technicians and experts let something like this happen? The suffice is simple. They over-estimated their perceived sense of control over one of the worlds most unpredictable forces nature. The theme of mans perceived control over nature is one that Crichton has masterfully incorporated into his novel. The actions of the park experts present to the reader the false idea &quotthat the proper role of man is mastery over nature" (Pacey 65). Mankind has always attempted to achieve this mastery, and the construction of Jurassic Park is a perfect example. Crichton uses the character of Ian Malcolm to constantly present this theme.

Animal Rights is a Cause for Vegetarianism Essay -- essays research pa

Animal Rights - Cause for VegetarianismThe choice of eating meat or not has been a debated issue for a continued number of years. there have long since been two sides the proponents and opponents of meat consumption. More and more debates of its value and effect on the world have risen. Many claim it is wrong, while others commend of it as a needed pleasure. Today, a greater percentage of the population eats meat. Only a few individuals seek the alternative route. Yet, there has been a steady rise in the number of vegetarians. Many may already k directly that religions all over the world have advocated a meat-free diet. While a few are lenient, the majority is steady. The reason a vegetarian diet has been preferred over meat dates back thousands of years. Take for example, the Christian tradition. Although most are now lenient, previously many great saints advocated a meat-free diet, for more reasons than one. In the beginning it was said by God, " Here I have given you all p hytology bearing seed which is on the surface of the whole earth...to you let it serve as food." (gen.1.29) Later it was spoken by Jesus of the commandment, "thou shall not overcome". Jesus said, "You heard that it was said to those of ancient times, Thou shall not kill and whoever shall kill shall be in danger of the judgment."(Matthw.5.21) There is also the Hindu tradition, where a meatless way of life has gone on for thousands of years (until the invasion by foreign rule,...

Personal Narrative- Parties :: Personal Narrative Essays

Personal Narrative- Parties Every weekend there is a troupe somewhere. Whether it is out at the Momma, the lake, or scour at someones house, it is the cool place to be. Last year, I arrived at the Halloween trip the light fantastic not wearing a costume but expecting to select a great time with all of my friends dancing and listening to music. I overheard someone talking about a party that was going to start at Marys house. Being invited to go with all of my friends, I didnt want to be the wimp of the group, so I decided to go along. I drove away from the dance thinking that I would only stay for a little while at the party.Pulling into the driveway, I instantly knew that this wasnt a good idea. My hands were shaking, and I had goose bumps all over my arms and legs. What if my parents find out? I thought. How would I be able to explain being at a party to them? I was supposed to be at the dance. I looked at the trailer and byword people going in and out. Can I still disappear? I was going to leave. However, I stepped out of my car and could hear the music playing from someones system. It was the song Joker by the Steve Miller Band.The aroma of the trailer could be smelt outside, and the Jack Daniels was being circulated like popcorn at a baseball game. I looked inside and saw people sitting on a dark pumpkin-colored couch playing cards. They were hanging out in the kitchen. People were going to and from the small 70s size refrigerator popping the tops off of their beers and permit them fall on the floor which was covered in dirt, pieces of broken dry wall, and glass from a broken window. The looks on peoples faces were that of sheer fun, they were making fools out of themselves, and, even if they hated it, they werent going to stop.I found Mary, who was gloating with the thoughts of her fantastic party, and behind her rose a voice that I recognized very well. I looked and saw Tonya staggering down the concrete steps of the trailer. She was laughing hyst erically and talking in a loud, uncontrollable voice. Supporting herself on the car next to us, she looked at me through her almost psychotic eyes and started to rummage through her pockets and babble.

Capital Punishment Essay - It’s Time to Put Murderers in Their Graves :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Death Penalty Essays Its Time to Put Murderers in Their Graves You are runnel down the street with your best friend not too farbehind. You manage to round the corner, but you hear your friend trip.Suddenly a guessing rings out. Your friend screams. You continue to run, butlook back and see the man who was following you pull out a large knife.Shocked in terror you can only blankly stare as the man proceed to cut yourfriend to pieces. The wind vane falls once. There is an explosion of red. Theblade falls twice. Entrails spill onto the floor. The blade falls threetimes, four times, five, six. He then reaches down and dips is bowl over intothe blaring pool of crimson that soaks the ground. Lifting his hand hebegins to write on the wall in front of him with the freshly spilled bloodof your now dead friend. Would a situation like this horrify you? rise up you should know thatseven murders just like this occurred in two nights. The man responsibleis Charles Manson. Manson is the leade r of a large cult following, and even after universearrested for his in truth horrific deeds still influences the cult today. In1975 one of Mansons followers, Lynette Squeaky Fromme, made anassassination attempt on then president Gerald Ford, in Mansons name. Evennow if you go to New York City you can find shirts with his picture on them,glorifying him. Songs agree been written praising him. But together these have not yet touched the scariest thing aboutCharles Manson. The thing that you should be most frightened of is thatCharles Manson, and m any(prenominal) like him are alive, with chance of parole. Yesthis murderous lunatic could yet again run rampant in the world. It is forthis reason that the death penalty is necessary. Capital punishment is the system by which the people who have committed the most heinous crimes are executed either by electric chair,gas chamber, or lethal injection. Despite the evil and malice presented by much(prenominal) people there are somewho woul d deem this practice inhumane. It seems strange to me that thewelfare of the community should not come before that of a convictedmurderer. If there is any chance that this person could possibly committhis crime again it should be impossible to come to a decision ,such asputting them in chuck out with chance of parole, that could conceivable placethe lives of law abiding citizens in danger. Furthermore do they trulyexpect us to believe that placing them in cells like caged animals is truly

In Favor of Marijuana Legalization Essay -- Illegal Drugs Legalize Nar

In Favor of Marijuana LegalizationMy personal opinion in the argument of legalizing marijuana is that I really tail endnot see the victimize in it. This of course is a bold and naive statement. There is a lot of contributing factors into my bold and naive statement that if understood will beg off my callow view. It is widely known that the Supreme Court voted in a 6-3 outcome against legalizing the use of medical marijuana for glaucoma patients. The court ruled that ?medical indispensability? is no defense to the distribution or use of marijuana, which is classified as a ?Schedule I? drug under the Controlled Substances Act in 1970(Tabetha).American citizens that are found guilty of using cannabis are charged with a fine of $1000, or sentenced to six months in jail. Marijuana is the most utilize drug in the United States and about sixty million Americans over the age of twelve have tried it at least once scorn the fact of the forbiddance by the American government. Many studies have shown evidence of beneficial use of cannabis and that it is also less harmful than cigarettes and alcohol. Cannabis is the unmindful for the scientific name Cannabis Sativa, which contains THC. Tetrahdrocannabinol (THC) is chemical that affects a person?s mood and feelings. It is also a lower, or relaxant, meaning that it slows down brain function. It can give people symptoms such as hallucinations, sedation or stimulation. When the cannabis leaves and flowers, or bud, are dried they can be smoked like a cigarette or put in food as marijuana. Hashish, a far more potent version of marijuana, is the resign of the plant and is referred to as haschisch which can be formed into cubes, or also eaten or smoked. When using cannabis, it is entered the bloodstr... ...l/alcohol/alcohol.html. Rajee, Suri. Weed Wars. CNN. CNN Interactive, 1997. 9 Mar. 2008 . Spelhaug, Nicole. Marijuana as Medicine. Mayo Foundation for medical examination Education. Mayoclinic, 2006. 9 Ma r. 2008 . Potter, Beverly, and Dan Joy. The Healing Magic of Cannabis. Berkely Ronin, 1998. 101-150. Harry, Gray M. Why Not Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol. Common Sense. Common Senses for Drug Policy, 2006. 9 Mar. 2008 . Deluca, Alexander. Crimes of IndescretionMarijuana Arrests make in the United States. Addiction, Pain, & Public Health Website. 2005. 9 Mar. 2008 .Krause, Mike. Pot Enforcement Waste F Resources. Independant Institute. 2006. 9 Mar. 2008 .

In Favor of Marijuana Legalization Essay -- Illegal Drugs Legalize Nar

In Favor of Marijuana LegalizationMy personal opinion in the argument of legalizing marijuana is that I really cannot see the harm in it. This of course is a bold and naive statement. There is a lot of modify factors into my bold and naive statement that if understood will explain my callow view. It is widely known that the Supreme Court voted in a 6-3 outcome against legalizing the utilization of medical marijuana for glaucoma patients. The court ruled that ?medical necessity? is no defense to the distribution or delectation of marijuana, which is classified as a ? enumeration I? drug under the Controlled Substances Act in 1970(Tabetha).American citizens that are found guilty of using cannabis are charged with a fine of $1000, or sentenced to six months in jail. Marijuana is the most used drug in the United States and about sixty million Americans over the age of dozen have tried it at least once despite the fact of the forbiddance by the American government. Many stud ies have shown evidence of beneficial use of cannabis and that it is overly less harmful than cigarettes and alcohol. Cannabis is the short for the scientific name Cannabis Sativa, which contains THC. Tetrahdrocannabinol (THC) is chemical that affects a person?s mood and feelings. It is also a lower, or relaxant, meaning that it slows down brain function. It can give people symptoms such as hallucinations, sedation or stimulation. When the cannabis leaves and flowers, or bud, are dried they can be smoked like a cigarette or put in food as marijuana. Hashish, a far more than potent version of marijuana, is the resign of the plant and is referred to as hash which can be formed into cubes, or also eaten or smoked. When using cannabis, it is entered the bloodstr... ...l/alcohol/alcohol.html. Rajee, Suri. heater Wars. CNN. CNN Interactive, 1997. 9 Mar. 2008 . Spelhaug, Nicole. Marijuana as Medicine. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education. Mayoclinic, 2006. 9 Mar. 2008 . Potter , Beverly, and Dan Joy. The Healing Magic of Cannabis. Berkely Ronin, 1998. 101-150. Harry, Gray M. Why Not Regulate Marijuana same(p) Alcohol. Common Sense. Common Senses for Drug Policy, 2006. 9 Mar. 2008 . Deluca, Alexander. Crimes of IndescretionMarijuana Arrests Made in the United States. Addiction, Pain, & Public Health Website. 2005. 9 Mar. 2008 .Krause, Mike. Pot Enforcement Waste F Resources. Independant Institute. 2006. 9 Mar. 2008 .

Maiden Voyage Commentary Essay

This extract from Maiden Voyage, by Denton Welch, focuses on the teller who escapes from the pacifier of his home into the dry land of the unknown. He uses symbolism, imagery, diction, irony as well as contrast to battle array the rough-cut reality of the extracurricular world in found to put forth his purpose of satirizing the all over protected parents whose child ordain one day leave their powderpuff zones into the harsh outside world and how they will eventually be the ones who suffer because of parents who take mission of their e genuinely need.Welch depicts the fabricator in a negative manner, one who is over protected but dislikes nourishment in this manner as seen from the detail that he hated to be dependent on other people and began to feel imprisoned. This shows the unwillingness of the narrator to stay in his comfort zone and his appetite to stray into the outside world of mystery. As such, it is clearly depicted that no matter how hard the parents energy try to keep their child by from the harsh nature of the real world, there will be a time where the child will unveil free from his cocoon and fly away into the realm of the unknown, helpless and without experience.The narrator is also depicted as one who is inquisitive as he was longing to explore the outside world. He saw a black spot and wondered if it was a cat or perhaps it was a dark boulder, one time again showing the narrators inquisitive mind in wanting to find out more. However, the black spot turned out to be a human head, and this shows the contrast between what the narrator expected the world to be like and what the harsh world is actually like, and in turn accentuate on the impuissance of the narrator as he is alone in the outside world without any experience whatsoever.There is also foreshadowing when Mr butler said foreigners are non very popular here, foreshadowing the appearance of the head. This gives emphasis on the human head which will be discussed afterw ard on. Moreover, this quote also refers to the narrator in non merely a literal way. The narrator is also a foreigner in the sense that he has never been to the outside world, never experienced reality, and this is ironical that the people who told the narrator that foreigners are not really accepted are the ones who kept the narrator away from the outside world, and to keep him in the realm of comfort, making him a foreigner to the world outside. As such, this gives emphasis on the writers purpose of bemock the over protective parents who in turn are the very ones who cause harm onto the child.More irony is seen as the narrator states early on in the poem that his grapple takers would never want to do what I wanted to do and this is ironic as compared to the later part of the prose where the narrator states himself that he did not know what to do and this irony as well as contrast clearly depicts the idea of helplessness of the narrator caused by the over protective care takers and this over protection builds up a sense of wanting to break free in the narrator. As such, the author satirizes the over protective parents and shows that they are the very ones who will cause the down fall of the one whom they try so hard to protect.The author also uses a lot of symbolism all end-to-end this extract to bring forth his purpose of galling the over protection of the child. The human head, a very important motif, is used to symbolize self-knowledge. Thus, the cut rack up head symbolizes the narrators self-knowledge of the world being eroded away as he views the harsh reality of this cruel world. As such, the author creates a sense that everything that was taught to him was not true, that everything he knows is not the real thing. And as such, it creates a sense of false hope and false protection, when in fact, he is the most allergic to the harsh reality of the world outside his comfort zone. Therefore, this brings forth the idea of mocking the over protective parents and their false teachings, which will in turn, cause abundant harm to the very child they were trying to protect all their life.The flies are described as a haze and were buzzing like dynamos. This shows the broad number of flies as well as the amounts all densely accumulated around this human head. This symbolizes the parents, who act as a shield which surrounds the outside world, as symbolized by the human head, and as such, it is only when he goes close to the object that he sees the harsh reality of the outside world, one which he is not ready to accept. As such, it fire be said that the ones who causes the downfall of the over protected child, are the parents themselves.The turrets and bastions that were crumbling into the sea shows the gradual degrading of these fortifications and how they slowly but for sure lose their purpose of protection as time passes. This is used to symbolize the narrators parents, that there will be a time where this heavens of comfort an d protectiveness will degrade and dissolve away like ruined cottages and the narrator will have to shift away from this comfort zone into the realm of the unknown. When this time comes, the narrator will have to suffer because of a lack of experience, and a nave mindset that everything is as simple as it seems. As such, the author clearly satirizes the over protective parents as to how they are causing the death of their own child in the long run.The narrators sense of helplessness is also very clearly depicted in the prose through the use of imagery. The author uses the first cur, a dog that resorts to barking in fights, and is in fact a cowardly dog, to show the narrators helplessness in the outside world, even to the mildest of things, he turned and ran back. This gives emphasis on the consequences of over protecting the child, leaving him stranded and alone to fend for him in the outside world, and when this time comes, he will sure to suffer, thus mocking the parents.The author uses untracked sands to once again, draw attention to the narrators helplessness in the outside world. As he is seen to be lost in the harsh world, where there are no paths, which are used to refer to the guidance of his care takers, and no signs to show him the way to go. Therefore, this gives readers the idea that the author is mocking the care takers who are severely over protective of the child and the fact that this will in turn lead to more cons than pros for the child.The helplessness of the narrator is further evince when the author depicts the slap of them when they hit the wall, them referring to the insects. Their helplessness is used to compare with that of the narrators as they could never escape from the clutches of the harsh reality, and the narrator was in the same plight as them. The author uses these consequences of over protection to mock the parents of the child whom have been kept in the comfort zone without having to sheath any problems on his own, thus is very dependent and has no experience at all.Welch also uses diction to depict the real world outside the comfort realm set by the over protective parents on their child. He uses words like harsh spears of grass and dry and sharp as knives to show the harsh reality of the world. This is used in contrast with the European villa and a line of poplars, which is the over protection showered upon the narrator by his parents. And as such, the author can be seen to be mocking the naivety of the parents who think that they are able to protect their child for their whole life and think that what they are doing is for the best of the child, when in fact it is the exact opposite as seen by the harsh reality of the real world viewed by the innocent and helpless narrator.The prose ends off with a mocking tone that once the child leaves the comfort zone, there is no way he can come back, once he sees the harshness of the real world, he can no longer be protected by his parents. This is seen where the narrator ran towards a bastion, wondering if I could climb up to it in anyway, showing the wanting of the child to go back into the safe and sheltered comfort zone, but the author ends us off with a harsh but true sentence I knew that I could not.

Benefit Programs in the Major Airline Industry

The Human Resource topic that we selected is to analyze the put on programs of four major airline businesss. Benefits be important to employees as fountainhead as their families, and screwing be a powerful recruiting tool. Benefits alike play a major role in managerial decisions and wise returns choices can have a long-term impact on the quality of life. Some characteristics of a sound utilitys program ar, they must(prenominal) have clear specific objectives, they must every(prenominal)ow for employee input, they must be responsive to societal and environmental change, provide for flexibility, and there must be clear communication with employees.One of the main challenges that companies award atomic number 18 the overall costs of these benefit programs to the companies themselves, as swell up as staying competitive in hopes to attract high quality employees. Almost 40% or $14,678 per employee is spent on benefit programs per year. American Airlines like many other airlin es are facing many challenges in the HR area of benefits and incentives. American Airlines as we all know is maven of the leading airlines in todays airline industry. This status reflects upon Americans benefit program.American Airlines realizes that it must stay competitive in this area to ensure that they get the most qualified employees. American Airlines offers many benefits and incentives for their employees with hopes to attract the best. Many of the benefits are standard and required by law such(prenominal) as social security, un troth, workers compensation, and leaves without pay. What really must be compensable attention too are the benefits and incentives that are offered in addition to the ones required by law. These benefits and incentives are what attract individuals to work for American rather than a nonher airline.Benefits such as a 401 K Super Saver, which allows up to an ample 20% tax provision, a shopworn grease ones palms plan, a credit union which could help one to buy a house, and personal emergency coupled with sick pay, just to fall upon a few. American Airlines also recognizes ten major holidays for which employees do non have to work, yet they unsounded get paid. Most of these are benefits that competing airlines offer, simply one benefit stands out. American Airlines pass travel program is a benefit that many do not tend to overlook. American does not offer necessitous stand-by tickets to its employees until they have been with the airline for 10 old age.What they do offer are special discounted rates. This is the major weakness in their strategy to attract employees with benefits. American offers a real long list of benefits and incentives exclusively this is one that is left out. I believe that American Airlines is making a big mistake by not allowing employees to fly for fall by the wayside. To become more effective American Airlines should add this benefit to its list so that it can be competitive with the other air lines. American has many strengths which involve benefits that the other airlines do not offer such as a 401 K plans of up to 20%, and a credit union.Although at the same clock it has a very large weakness, which is their travel plan that save offers its employees discounted rates, instead of free airfare. American Airlines must feel that it does not have to offer this benefit to attract potential workers, because it has so many other benefits to offer. Continental Airlines prides itself on offering a wide variety of benefits to their employees. The eligibility for these benefits varies according to the length of time an employee has worked for the guild, and the moorage that they hold.One challenge that Continental Airlines face is the cost of providing these benefits to their employees. They have to make sure that they are financially able to provide these benefit programs, while still attracting high quality employees to their company. Some of these benefits involve travel passes, profit sharing, stock purchase plans, retirement plans, 401(k) savings plan, vacation and sick pay, an expense reimbursement plan, medical and alveolar consonant indemnification, vision insurance, life insurance, and accident insurance.Although Continental employees and their families are able to travel at reduced rates they are not able to fly all for free, which may be considered unfavorable by some employees. Continental employees are also able to share in the financial growth of the company by purchasing Continental stock at a discounted rate. Continental also provides a fully funded retirement plan, which employees vest in after five years of service. It also provides the 401(k) savings plan, which is a great way for employees to that for retirement. The employees can save up to 19% of their salary before taxes are withheld.Continental also matches a portion of their employees contributions to the 401(k) savings plan. Full and part time employees of Continental are able to take advantage of paid vacations, as well as the sick leave policy which gives employees time off from work, with pay, when they are ill or unable to work. Continental also provides immediate accident insurance upon employment for all of their employees. Continental does provide many benefits upon the initial employment of their employees however, some benefit plans are not available until seven months after they have been employed.These include medical and dental insurance, vision insurance, long-term disability plan, and life insurance. Most of the plans are pre-tax, which allows employee tax savings. For every employee, there is a benefits program that best suits him or her. Younger employees who do not have the responsibility of families may not be looking for the same benefits as an older employee with a family. Continental take to realize these differences in employees, in order to provide a benefit program that will attract the high quality employees they are looking for. southwestern linked States Airlines is currently the fastest growing airline in the business. Over the past 10 years southwestern joined States have grown its revenues by 388% and its net income by 1,490%. Some of the things that have helped Southwest to grow so quickly are their personnel. They have found ways to hire employees that have out-performed every major airline for the past three years. Their hiring tactics can be accredited to a healthy business network, in-depth research, a good job database, strong recruiting staff, and an outstanding benefits program. Southwest offers its employees a very competitive benefits program.Their program offers passes and travel privileges, medical insurance, dental insurance, life insurance, long term disability insurance, sick leave, vacation and holiday pay, profit-sharing, 401 (k) plan, stock purchase plan, and a employee assistance plan. One of the special benefits to working at Southwest is flying for free on Southwest and flyi ng free or at a reduced rate on other carriers with whom Southwest has a pass agreement. Effective from the first day of employment, all employees, their spouses, dependant children, and parents of employees all have unlimited travel privileges on Southwest.An employee may view this as a huge benefit when they decide they would like to travel. On the downside of this part of the benefit program, Southwest does not fly everywhere in the joined States, and that may pose a problem for an employee that would like to travel somewhere that Southwest does not offer service. Another benefit is Southwests medical, dental, and life insurance plans. Employees may choose to incorporate their families with their medical and dental plans in order to save the employee money.The medical and dental plans will cover 100% of the employees medical and dental pauperizations, as well as their families needs, with minimal cost to the employee. For the life insurance plan, employees may choose coverage up to 4 times their base annual income in order to protect their family. The long-term disability program is rotary up in case an employee becomes disabled and can no longer work. Funds are still paid to the family in order to compensate for the employees inability to work due to disability. Depending on employment classifications, employees are able to gather time off for personal illness and vacations.Employees celebrate several paid holidays throughout the calendar year, based on their employment classification. Southwest offers its employees a 401-(k) plan. The plan is designed to help employees plan for their retirement. Eligible employees may turn over up to 15% of their pay to the plan on a pre-tax basis. Employees direct their investments and may borrow against their account balance. Employees are the basic fiber of Southwest Airlines, so they feel that employees should be able to share in the success of the company by investing in Southwest Airlines Co. tock through payroll reductions.Employees pay only 90% of the market value for the stock, and broker commissions are paid for by Southwest. Southwest cares very much for their employees well being. They offer their employees an assistance plan that helps when employees need it most. The plan provides professional assistance for employees and their families in order to solve personal problems that may arise that would cause their personal lives and job performance to suffer. Southwest Airlines realizes that without its employees the company would cease to work.Southwest offers these benefits to help keep their employees happy and provided for and in return their employees strive to keep Southwest on top. United Airlines is a true spheric airline that has over 140 stations in more than 30 countries around the world. United prides itself on being a company where opportunity and forward motion are determined solely on merit and individual achievement. United supposedly values diversity not only because i t is the correct thing to do, but because it is the right business thing to do. Uniteds stated position is that all employees should be treated with respect and dignity.The policy not only extends to employees, but to Uniteds customers, vendors, and independent contractors as well. Some of the benefits that United offers to its employees are company-paid medical, dental, life and long-term disability insurance, pension plan, paid vacations, travel passes, stock purchase plan, 401(k) plan, and credit union. Going against the companys policy, United Airlines has been in litigation with the city of San Francisco concerning the Equal Benefits Law. Last year United Airlines supposedly negotiated a two-year exemption from the law in order to renew a 25-year lease with the San Francisco Airport.After opposing letters from the National Writers Union (NWU) United Airlines has coupled with Air Transportation Association (ATA) in a lawsuit against the city of San Francisco challenging the ordi nance. United claimed they never do an agreement with San Francisco and has not yet made a commitment to providing domestic partner benefits. The ordinance states that any entity that contracts with the city of San Francisco must provide equal benefits to its employees registered domestic partners that it provides to married spouses.Out of its 94,000 hired employees, United currently has approximately 10,000 lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender employees. We believe that United is not very committed to diversity. It is obvious to see that United is trying to limit their benefit packages to those individuals that are not registered domestic partners. Some states still do not recognize domestic partners as legal binding marriages, and as a result, these individuals cannot receive equal benefits. Uniteds problem is that almost 11% of its total workforce is comprised of lesbians, gays, bisexuals, or transgenders.If United is committed to having diverse employees they should also be diverse in their benefit coverage. United should recognize that they have a diverse background and these select individuals need to be given equal benefits regardless of the added costs. The text mentions that part of providing a sound benefit package is allowing employees to given input into the benefit system. Having employees participate in designing benefits programs would help ensure that management is moving in the deputation of satisfying employee wants.To meet the many changes occurring in society, management must reflect these changes in the employee benefits programs. The fact is that benefit plans sometimes provide little advantage to employees. plane though United might be trying to save money, their treatment towards domestic partners are limiting the organizations ability to attract and agree quality employees. Some of the most effective policies and strategies for dealing with benefit programs are encompassed within each of the four airlines benefit programs offere d.There are several benefits that are required by law, which include Social Security, Unemployment, Workers Compensation, and Leaves without Pay. Overall, American Airlines seemed to offer the most versatile benefits program. Although other programs offered similar benefits, we found that American Airlines offered the most conservative program. For example, United Airlines, and Southwest Airlines both offer free flights to all employees as well as their families, which may be more appealing to a young employee without a family.On the downside, we discovered that Southwest Airlines has a limited flight area, which minimizes their costs when employees take advantage of these programs, and allows them to offer these strategic benefits. We feel that American and Continental Airlines are overlooking an important strategic hiring strategy, by not offering free flights to all their employees, since cost of flights are fixed. For example, a flight that is only at 85% capacity will fly for t he same price as a flight that is at 100% capacity.Continental Airlines, has a competitive benefits program as well, but it lacks the flight area which both United and American Airlines offer. We felt that American and United Airlines offered the best benefit programs, although American does not offer free flights from day one of employment, they offer many other compelling incentives such as, personal emergency assistance, vacation buying programs, credit union assistance, as well as flight discounts for their employees.

Plant Imagery Throughout the Scarlet Letter

Honors American Lit. B The Scarlet Letter Pathway Paper 694 wordsApril 23, 2013 through out The Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne uses vegetation imagination in correlation with his ideas about criminalityful temperament and god. When describing the prison house in the very beginning of the novel, Hawthorne writes, a grass-plot, practi conjurey overgrown with such unsightly vegetation, which evidently found something congenial in the soil that had so early borne the black flower of civilized participation, a prison (45-46).Hawthorne uses the imagery of a black flower to depict the sinful nature of humans as it was inevitable that even in this new flourishing society the people there saw the need to build a prison. This vivid image also relates to the Puritans harsh view on sin in the community. Throughout the novel Hawthorne frequently criticizes the Puritan society, this being a nonher example, but the proprietor appeared already to have relinquished, as hopeless, the effort to perpetuate on this side of the Atlantic, in a hard soil and amid the close struggle for subsistence, the native English taste for ornamental gardening (97).The rendering of the Governors ornamental garden shows the garden failing, as if the person caring for it had given up and realized that it was impossible to have the ornamental garden in capital of Massachusetts the way it was in England. This parallels Hawthornes beliefs about Puritan society in that their abstruse beliefs would not sustain in the new world they were creating, for god is interpret through nature demonstrating how Hawthorne feels god is looking down on the materialistic and frivolous ways of the Puritans.Later in the novel Chillingworth says, wherefore not, since all the powers of nature call so earnestly for the confession of sin, that these black weeds have sprung up out of a buried heart, to make manifest an unspoken crime? (119). genius is being associated with god in this passage therefore Hawthorne is saying that god calls for the confession of sin and goes on to say that god disapproves of a person that does not confess, thus the black weeds, mirroring sin, grow on the graves of those who cling to secrets.This idea is also repeated later in the novel, and all this time, perchance, when poor Mr. Dimmesdale was thinking of his grave, he questioned with himself whether the grass would ever grow on it, because an accursed thing must there be buried (130). Sin is again depicted as stillness in this passage, for Dimmesdale has sinned, and not confessed therefore he is concerned that god pass on reject him. Hawthorne clearly writes with a style of dark romanticism epitomized through his description of sin in the beginning of the novel as inexorable in every society.Hawthorne also reflects his religious views and those of his times period in the way he sees god and nature as one, similar to the ideas of Pantheism, a belief in the manifestation of god through nature. Hawthorne frequ ently links god to nature as seen when Hester calls to nature, as if calling to god, for forgiveness, Thou shalt forgive me cried Hester, flinging herself on the fallen leaves beside him (175). While nature symbolizes sin, it also symbolizes the comforting and forgiving appearance of god.In relation to the bible, the yellow leaves will show no vestige of the white mans tread (178), the yellow leaves reference the scripture Isaiah 4325, which reads, I, even I, am he who blots out your transgressions, for my own sake, and remembers your sins no more displaying the tie between nature and god both covering and forgetting sins also tying into Hawthornes religious perspective in his writing. Nathaniel Hawthorne articulates his views on sin and god through his use of vegetation imagery throughout the scarlet letter he continually uses dead and black imagery to allude to sin and secrets.His use of dead vegetation implies that he believes confession is the relief of the burden of sin and th e necessary action to obtain gods approval and forgiveness. Hawthorne also represents gods forgiveness through plant imagery connecting gods washing away of sin to the forest and nature washing away of sin. Fundamentally Hawthorne uses vegetation to convey his ideas on divinity and human sinful nature in The Scarlet Letter.

Writing about theme

Writing about Theme in The Necklace Directions Your assignment is to write a response to literature identifying and explaining how the groundwork is made straighten out by the action of the story The Necklace. You must have a topic sentence that includes the name of the author, the title, the genre and the main idea of your paragraph. You must state the theme of the story. The theme must be stated in one sentence. You must summarize the action of the story, focusing on those events that are important to the theme. You must purpose words and phrases from he text of the story in your summary.You must put quotation marks around those words. You must have a final net remark. Refer to your lesson Theme The Necklace as you write. If you are not sure what to do, please review the Writing About Theme presentation. Topic sentence In the Necklace by Guy de Maupassant, the main character, Mathilde Loisel pities herself because she does not have everything in life she desires. Theme State ment The theme of the story is that Mmm. Loisels selfishness causes M. Loisel to loose out on a tender gun and hunting trips with his friends to buy her a new dress.Their dishonesty causes them to loose thousands of dollars to pay off a necklace that they find later is fake. Summary of the Story Mmm. Loisel is invited toa b exclusively. She is lovesick with her social standing therefore she feels she arse not go to the ball in measure up to the social standings of the other guest. M. Loisel gives her the 400 francs so that she can go out and buy a new dress for the ball. She then borrows a necklace from her friend which she then looses at the ball. After searching desperately for the necklace, instead of telling the friend that they had lost it, they decide to replace it.When they find one that looks similar it cost thousands of francs so they borrow the money. It takes ten years to pay patronise the money. By this time Mmm. Loisel has lost her beauty which she coveted so muc h. She runs into her friend only to find out that the necklace was fake and only cost 500 francs at most. Final Concluding Remark The main idea is that selfishness and dishonesty get you work and labor. When if she would have been honest with her friend she wouldnt have had to gone through all that trouble. Also if she would have been happy with what she had she wouldnt have ended up broke.

Study Case Marketing About Harmonix

CASE STUDY HARMONIX Harmonix is a company originally founded by Alex Rigopulos and Eran Egozy, they were the original developer of guitar hero series, the idea was originally create most demo software with the vision of providing a different way for people without practice of medicine training or talent to experience the joy of playing and creating music. single of the most successful point of intersection that was produced by hamonix were guitar hero series, which subsequently became the fastest videogame in history to top 1 billion dollars just in coupling America. . )What market placeing philosophy did harmonix use at first and how did their philosophy change? * The Marketing management philosophy used Harmonix, at first, was production oriented. The company cerebrate on some demo software they had created in 1995, and the company focused on the internal capabilities rather than the wants or take of customers. Then they tried the subscribe a product by persons who wants k now that will feel be a rock star and decide to engage with their customers, changing their philosophy to the market orientation.Since 2004 the company searched for the wants and likes of the customers creating products such as the microph atomic number 53 in karaoke Revolution, and in 2005 Guitar hero. This means that the company took actions by creating products to deliver and provide value to customers. The company seeks to satisfy needs , wants and likes of the customers with their products. S. W. O. T. STRENGHT * Innovation in the sector of video games * Strong brand image * Quality of the product (reality, sound, image) * Their games offer another experience that the consumers wants WEAKNESS * High prices decoct only in people with middle and higher incomes * Focus only in the music and entertainment market OPPORTUNITIES * New markets (games experiences) * New ways of advert victimization internet THREAD * Increasing competitors * Indirect competition from other substitutes (other experiences with motion games) * Changing market experiences * Illegal downloading and piracy * Global economic conditions merchandise MIX PRODUCT like any other products have a life cycle, which begins at the time of its release, continues its growth and maturity, and finally goes into decline.They must understand apiece of the phases for the design, or strategies aiming at the attraction of video games to boost sales, it is for this reason that was listed as the fastest and most sales in history. PRICE their units were sold at a higher price than other products on the market. By having so much market acceptance, Harmonix knew that despite the increase in their cost, their game was going to be one of the most competitive the problem was that these prices keep out the people with low incomes, which is a big part of the market.DISTRIBUTION still retains its operational autonomy, good budget for product development and licensing of music for their games. With its software ca n provide basic kinds of musical composition as an attribute to the participants of the game, so funding invest for their internal cost and seek adjustments in the bid as and distribution consumer needs. PROMOTION this company provides advertising that discloses a new way to experience the joy of playing and creating music through video games.Sales staff often plays an important role in word of public relations, Also they used a different way of advertising, using demos, tournaments with huge rewards that motivated the gamester to buy the game. Conclusion * In conclusion this company show their evolution , through the time since that Harmonix beginning when was had created in grad instruct in 1995. Even now when this company developement fun and extraordinary videogames and one philosophy that will could satisfy the needs , wants and likes of their customers.Related post Advantages and Disadvantages of Administrative guidance

Interventions For Substance Abuse Amongst Young People

INTRODUCTIONDespite the fact that two-year-old nation ar near lots the wellnessiest group of mickle in the population (Emmelkamp, and Vedel, cc6), in that respect is concern about the extent to which this group engold ages in fortune-taking doingss, including the consumption of do do drugsss and inebriant and the cry out of these center of attentions. Such activities erupt them to problems ranging from the singular health take aim to the costs regainred during replacement (Berglund, Thelander & Jonsson, 2003). Rehabilitation needs untold include psychic health and psychiatric solutions due to the noetic health and social problems ca go ford by drinking and the consumption of illegal drugs.In the UK, the manipulation of psychoactive philias has become a major activity among the youth population. For example, it has been shown that 50% of unseas aced commonwealth in the age bracket 16-24 age have utilized an extramarital drug on at least one occasion in their lives. This project withal exposed that the most comm completely mappingd drug is cannabis which is hired by 40% of youths aged 16-19 years and a ignominious 47% of 20-24 year olds. Amphetamine then follows which is used by 18-14% of the above age groups. Between 2011 and 2012, 20,688 untried heap accessed center misuse attend, with the majority of this anatomy accessing service for plague of cannabis (64%) or alcohol (29%) (National medicate Treatment Monitoring System, 2012). Over half of the users were aged 16 to 18 (53%), whilst the rest were aged under 16 (National Drug Treatment Monitoring System, 2012). About two thirds (64%) of the progeny people who accessed specialist core misuse go in 2010-11 were male. Overall, females accessing substance misuse services for girlish people are youthfuler with 19% of males aged under 15 years compared to 27% of females. Almost half of the spring chicken people entering specialist substance misuse service s are recorded as being in mainstream grooming, much(prenominal) as instills and further education colleges, followed by a further 19% in alternative education, such as schooling delivered in a pupil referral unit or home(a) setting. A further 19% are recorded as not in education or employment. However, it should be noted that education and employment view was reported for only new unripe people entering specialist services during the year. on that pointfore, the total allow be lower than that of all boyish people (National Drug Treatment Monitoring System, 2012). Referrals to drug and alcohol give-and-take services commonly come from youth off terminationing teams, although near 14% of referrals come from mainstream education institutions and 7% are made up of self-referrals. Perhaps surprisingly referrals from the Child and Adolescent Mental Health service (CAHMS) urinate up only 3% of referrals (National Drug Treatment Mon itoring System, 2012).These figures paint a perhaps surprising picture. For example, more young people are referred to specialist drug and alcohol services from mainstream education than specialist educational centres, suggesting that substance guy could be far rifer amongst young people as might be expected. It could be argued that tribulation of school authorities to take a more effective pr sluicetative approach to drug and alcohol poke fun may be contri furthering to the overall problem. These figures in like manner suggest that immediate attention and interjection must be offered to young people to reduce negative outcomes associated with such high drug use.The statistics reveal that there is a high rate of drug and substance maltreat among young people in the UK. The high of level concern about the use of illicit drugs and substances has an effect on health, educational and political discussions in the UK. The governments national strategy for ten years on drug misuse vi ews young people as a overcritical priority group in need of quick prevention and treatment intercession (Keegan and Moss, 2008) and recognises the need to improve our agreement of the role played by illicit drugs and substances in the lives of such young people. Educators, health practitioners and policy makers should have comprehensive understanding when it comes to discussions involving the jest at of illicit drugs. For example, the authorities must take into account factors such as a lack of understanding amongst young people as to the laws that govern opposite classes of illegal drugs. annoyance of alcohol and former(a) drugs leads to the destruction of cognitive and emotional development in young people and exposes them to an increased possibility of accidental injury or even death. Finally, there is also a gamble of users becoming drug dependent. Abuse of drugs and alcohol by young people can also lead to such negative consequences as coronary heart diseases, lung can cer, AIDS, violent crime, child abhorrence and unemployment (Gurnack, Atkinson & Osgood, 2002). As a resoluteness, individuals indulging in the use of alcohol and some other drugs incur tremendous costs in their individual lives, their family lives and even their future careers. Society is also not exempt as it pays a price in several(predicate) ways. For instance, society incurs extra costs in health care, drug and alcohol treatment, law enforcement and supporting the seriously affected families who have been rendered helpless by the situation.There are m both reasons why young people become involved in substance laugh at. From a sociology perspective it has been argued that the unskilled step of drugs has become normalised (Parker, Measham and Aldridge, 1995) among indisputable groups of young people. However, Shiner and currentburn (1997) have argued that this theory is step-downist and simplifies the reasons behind a young soulfulnesss choice to abuse drugs. In realit y, the reasons as to why a young person may begin to abuse drugs can range from having poor adult role models who may also use drugs and alcohol as a way of coping or even a genetic predisposition toward poor self-regulatory behaviours (Spooner and Hall, 2002). Evidence shows that adolescent alcohol and drug abuse is not influenced by a whizz factor but a large enumerate of factors which are not necessarily confined to any single part of the an adolescents world (Connors, Donovan & DiClemente, 2001).EnvironmentThe environment in which a person lives is very instrumental when it comes to the kind of life that people lead, oddly young people. If the environment is for example characterized by pronounced unemployment then young people in such an environment will indulge in activities that make them forget even for a moment the realities of the unemployment situation. If, for example, in their immediate environment young people face the situation of a large supply of drugs and everyo ne around them is abusing drugs or alcohol, then it is easy for such young people to adopt this kind of lifestyle and become drink or drug abusers. The above commentary shows that the kind of environment a young person stays in has a very direct influence on the habits that are finally select by this group of young people.CuriosityYoung people naturally have the tendency to try new things and to find out how it feels doing virtuallything new. Young people in the fall in Kingdom are not an exception and most of them usually try drinking and drugs just to explore and find out what the hold up is like. This however results in the young people becoming victims of the consequences that follow (Woo and Keatinge, 2008).The Defence MechanismA good number of young people use drugs specifically to assist them in easing trauma that may result from unsatisfactory relationships and also physical or emotional abuse that may arise from families or homes that lack happiness.Promotion and Avai labilityThere is always a great amount of pressure from advertisement of alcohol over the media. The colourful nature of these promotions is ofttimes very enticing and mostly misleading. In the promotions or commercials, alcohol is glamorised hence the young people are influenced to indulge and as a result end up facing the dire consequences.This brushup will analyse the different interventions utilised when working with young people who abuse drugs and alcohol. These include those carried out by mental health workers, religion-orientated interventions, alliance based interventions and more psychiatric, music based interventions. motivational based interventions are also discussed.Aims and ObjectivesThe aim of this project will be to review and critically evaluate the literature regarding different interventions for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol in the UK. To achieve this aim the project has set the succeeding(a) objectivesTo critically examine the interventions for y oung people (aged 16 to 21) who use drugs and alcohol in UK, with the aim of providing recommendations to improve the care given to the youths who are addicted or at seek of substance abuse. To use secondary data to identify the importance of different interventions in dealing with young people (age 16 to 21) who use drugs and alcohol in the UK. RationaleInterventions for young people aged 16 to 21 who use drugs and alcohol has elicited varied opinions from professionals involved in their care. This has been a result of the often complex and varied needs of young people with substance abuse issues, such as mental health issues (Weaver et al., 2003), social riddance (Fakhoury and Priebe, 2006) and enfolding with the criminal justice system (Hamdi and Knight, 2012 Lundholm et al., 2013). Therefore, there is often disagreement on where the intervention should focus primarily.Various strategies have been advanced to address the involvement of young adults in drugs and substance abuse . For example, medication by mental health nurses in slipperinesss of addiction (Bennett and Holloway, 2005). However, due to the variety of interventions available for treating young people with substance abuse dis couch, it is important to continuously review the literature in this area and pin point the most effective interventions for treating this group of individuals.Client must write some words here on why they have chosen this topic (this is essential according to the assignment brief).SEARCH STRATEGYIn preparation for this critical literature review, a number of sources including journals, articles and health text books were used. The search was conducted using computerised databases which enabled access to literature on interventions for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol. Examples of such databases are given belowThe discussion section of Health NHS Evidence (National Institute for Health and clinical Excellence, 2012). PsycINFO (American Psychological Association , 2013). PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2013). Google Scholar (Google, 2013). net (EMAP Publishing, 2013). Nursing and tocology Council publications (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2010). over-embellished College of Psychiatrists useful resources (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2013). Royal College of Nursing library services (Royal College of Nursing, 2013).These databases contained numerous useful sources such as journal articles, recommendations, guidelines and reviews that were used to gather tell apart relevant to interventions for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol. anticipate terms used included drugs and substance abuse, alcohol abuse, effects of alcohol abuse, and intervention measures for drugs and substance abuse1. It was not uncommon for a search to produce many results. Therefore, for any search that produced more than 50 results, the first 50 results were discover to pick out the most relevant and interesting studies. The remaining results were not looked at because of time constraints2. In addition to searching for relevant sources through and through online databases, savoir-faire lists at heart articles were also utilised to search for other relevant sources.Inclusion CriteriaFor an effective review of the subject area, there was a need to select relevant articles to achieve the set objectives. Therefore, only sources relevant to intervention for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol, papers create in the English language and papers published after the year 1999 were selected. Although sources pertaining to studies carried out in the USA were still considered relevant, a priority was given to sources from the UK. If a source had used an adult sample but was still considered relevant and useful then it was considered for inclusion.Exclusion CriteriaGeneral papers on drugs and substance abuse not specific to youths, papers published in languages other than English and published to begin with the year 1 999 were not included.An example search strategy when using one of these sources, the British Nursing Index, is given below. seek Strategy Example British Nursing Index (BNI).Through citing the term intervention for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol, 5,000 articles were gathered without limiters. Limiters such as role of mental health nurses and only book and journals concerned with drugs and substance abuse were applied to the second search, which reduced the output to 2,034 books and journals. In the third search, one-dimensional limiters such as year of publication (2000-2012) were applied, which then reduced the number of books and journals to 734. After all further limiters were applied, such as articles that only used an age group of 16 to 21 years as participants, 70 journals and books were chosen for further analysis. Only 23 articles were considered relevant for this review and analysis due to their in depth exploration of the subject and their meeting of inclusion and exclusion criteria.LITERATURE REVIEWInterventions for substance abuse serve a number of purposes including reducing use of illicit or non-prescribed drugs and curbing problems related to drug misuse, including health, social, psychological and legal problems and last but not least tackling the dangers associated with drug misuse, including the risks of HIV, hepatitis B and C and other blood-borne infections and the risks of drug-related death.Prevention and intervention are usually categorised into primary (direct prevention), secondary ( early(a) identification of the problem and subsequent treatment) and tertiary levels (late identification and treatment). Furthermore, interventions are now often categorised into population wide interventions, selective interventions aimed at only high risk groups and early interventions for at-risk groups (Cuijpers, 2003). The nature of interventions has also evolved over the years. Twenty to thirty years ago the emphasis was on providing yo ung people with information and buffering moral values whereas in the more modern era, a social dimension has been added and young people are taught resistance skills to avoid peer pressure (Gilvarry, 2000).Alcohol related deaths are rife in the UK, with 8,748 alcohol related deaths in the UK in 2011 (Office for National Statistics, 2013). However, there were 1,883 noted drug related deaths in 2010, a decrease of 299 from 2009 (Ghodse et al. 2012). These statistics reflect the importance of interventions for drug abusers, which could be protecting some individuals from the most extreme consequence of substance abuse.Mental Health InterventionsResearch has evidenced that Major Depressive Disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) is often co-morbid in young people who abuse drugs and alcohol (Sutcliffe et al., 2009 Marshall and Werb, 2010 Marmorstein, Iacono and Malone, 2010). Due to the potentially devastating effects of depression at both the individual (Galaif et al., 2011 Petrie and Brook, 2011) and societal level (Sobocki et al., 2006), substance abuse is viewed as something that must be dealt with swiftly and effectively. This co-morbidity of mental illness and substance abuse means that mental health nurses are often involved in interventions with young people. Mental illness is a psychological anomaly that is generally associated with distress or disability that is usually not considered to be a component of an individuals normal development (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008). Despite the fact that standard guideline criteria are used all over the world to define mental illness, diagnosis and intervention is often incredibly complex, especially when substance abuse is also a factor.Community services are offered to people with such problems through assessment by different psychiatrists and clinical psychologists, or sometimes social workers. in all these professionals use methods of observation and inquiries through asking questions to help e stablish any given perseverings condition. Mental health nurses are often at the front line in providing care and support in both hospitals and the community. In the United Kingdom, mental health nurses play a great role in taking care of young people with mental disorders and mental illnesses that may have developed as a result of substance abuse (Department of Health, 2012). They offer counselling services in order to help people focus on their goals or outcomes help people develop strategies that support self-care and enable individuals and their families to take responsibility for and participate in decisions about their health. They provide a range of services including education, research and knowledge sharing and evidence informed practices.They also perform the role of addiction counsellors in order to provide ingestion co-ordination, assessment, treatment and follow-up care for youths with addictions, mental illness and mental health problems using common assessment tools . They can provide health promotion, prevention and early detection of problematic substance use use core competencies and knowledge in addictions and a full range of withdrawal management services including detoxification services using best practice treatment protocols, outreach, prescribing, counselling, and harm reduction However, mental health nurses are often faced with challenges that hinder them from luckyly achieving their goals. Challenges include non co-operation of the patients families and also the complex nature of patient problems (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008). In a comprehensive review, RachBeisel, Scott and Dixon (1999) found that there was a much higher prevalence of substance abuse amongst individuals with mental illness and that the course of mental illness was significantly negatively influenced by the abuse of illegal substances. These findings highlight a key issue in mental health interventions for young people who abuse substances, namely that it is important to determine the relationship between the substance abuse and mental illness before allocating a suitable intervention. For example, if a young person has developed a mental illness as a result of abusing substances, a mental health focused intervention may not be appropriate as it would not be treating the root of the problem or the reason why the young person started to use illegal substances in the first place.Psychiatric and Medical InterventionsPsychiatric and medical based interventions refer to the treatment of substance abuse in a young person by a psychiatrist who is medically trained and able to provide an additional dimension of treatment than a psychologist or mental health worker is able to. An example of this is the prescription of methadone, a synthetic opiate that is used to help young people withdraw safely from heroin use. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2007) recommend a psycho-social approach when treating individuals with s ubstance abuse disorder and advocate the use of medication. However, use of medication with young people who are suffering from substance abuse disorders should be used with care due to the risk of dangerous side effects (Webster, 2005).Motivational InterventionsMotivational interventions are brief interventions used by professionals to enhance a young persons motivation to kind and stop abusing substances (Tevyaw and Monti, 2004). In a review of the lastingness of motivational referenceing (Smedslund et al., 2011) it was found that although motivational interviewing techniques were more effective at reducing the extent of future substance abuse when compared to no intervention, the technique was no more effective when compared to other types of intervention. For example, motivational interviewing was no better at reducing extent of substance abuse that simply assessing a patient and providing feedback. The authors reviewed 59 studies that had been accessed from a range of onlin e databases. This is a reasonable number of studies as the body of literature on motivational interviewing as an intervention for substance abuse is quite limited. However, the authors failed to collect evidence on other measures of efficacy such as a reduction in future criminal prosecution for drug offences or improvement in overall quality of life. The efficacy of motivational interviewing has been studied in young people in particular by McCambridge and Strang (2003). 200 young people from inner city London were randomly allocated to either a motivational interviewing condition or a non-intervention education control condition. All participants were aged between 16 and 20 and were using illegal drugs at the time of the study. The motivational interviewing intervention consisted of a brief, one hour face-to-face interview and self-reported changes in the use of cigarettes, cannabis, alcohol and other drugs was used as the outcome measure both immediately after the interview and a t a troika month follow up point. It was found that in comparison to the control group, young people who received motivational interviewing as a brief intervention reduced their use of cigarettes, alcohol and cannabis. Although these results initially seem in favour of motivational interviewing as an intervention for young people who have substance abuse issues, it should be noted that self-report measures are very open to incline and it is possible that the reported reduced use of drugs and alcohol was much higher than the actual reduction in use. This was reflected in a follow up study by the same authors 12 months by and by (McCambridge and Strang, 2005) where it was found that the difference in reduction in substance use between the experimental and control groups found after three months had completely disappeared. This result suggests that although motivational interviewing may be an effective pitiable term intervention for treating young people with substance abuse issues , it has no enduring effectiveness over a long distributor point of time. This may be due to a lack of follow-up support for young people and the brief nature of the intervention.Community-Based InterventionsCommunity drug and alcohol services offer interventions such as comprehensive assessment and recuperation care planning, support and care co-ordination, advice and information, stabilisation, counselling and relapse prevention and motivational interviewing (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008). Hepatitis B vaccinations, Hepatitis C examination and referral to treatment for these diseases, are also essential due to the risk of infections through needle sharing. Like most interventions, these community services are aimed at promoting recovery from addiction and enabling the achievement of individual goals, helping individuals to remain healthy, until, with appropriate support, they can achieve a drug-free life. This may involve stabilising service users on prescribed substitute medication to improve withdrawal symptoms and to reduce cravings. In their review of community-based interventions, Jones et al. (2006) found a limit on the effectiveness of such interventions, especially when it came to long term and enduring effect for reducing substance abuse. The results suggested that a change in community-based interventions was needed. Morgenstern et al. (2001) found a very high level of satisfaction among community based substance abuse counsellors who had received training in delivering cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) to clients. This suggests that perhaps one way of increasing the effectiveness of community-based interventions would be to equip community-based workers with a wider range of skills with which they can help young people suffering from substance abuse. Supporting this recommendation was a study by Waldron and Kaminer (2004) who found that use of CBT was associated with clinically significant reductions in substance abuse amongst adolescen ts.Religious InterventionsSome interventions are religious in nature. For instance, the United Methodist church building follows a holistic approach which stresses prevention, involvement, treatment, community organization, and advocacy of abstinence. The church could be argued to have a progressive role by offering a spiritual perception on the issue of substance abuse. Another popular religious based approach to tacking alcohol abuse in particular is the 12-step programme offered by Alcoholics Anonymous. Individuals are commonly encouraged or possibly even required cut any acquaintances with friends who still use alcohol. The 12-step programme motivates addicts to stop eat alcohol or other drugs and also it helps to scrutinize and modify the habits related to their cause of addiction. Numerous programs accentuate that recovery is a long-lasting process with no culmination. For drugs which are legal such as alcohol, complete abstinence is recommended rather than attempts at mode ration which may cause relapses. Fiorentine and Hillhouse (2000) found that participants in a 12-step program stayed in future treatment for a much longer period of time and were much more likely to be able to complete a 24-week intervention programme. It was also found that a combination of a 12-step program and an alternative substance abuse intervention was more effective than either treatment alone. This suggests that providing young people with interventions in isolation may not be the most effective way of helping them overcome their substance abuse. However, literature on religious based interventions tends to focus on adults and although still applicable to the treatment of young people in many ways, young people may be put off by the religious nature of these 12-step programmes and may be intimidated by the group nature of the treatment. In support of this criticism, Engle and MacGowan (2009) found that only two out of 13 adolescent group treatments of substance abuse could be categorised as showing potential efficacy in treating young people with these problems.Family-Oriented InterventionsIt has been argued that the family has a central role in both increasing and reducing the risk of problem behaviours in young people such as substance abuse (Vimpani and Spooner, 2003). A review by Velleman, Templeton and Copello (2005) echoed this view that the family can have both a positive or negative impact on a young persons risk of substance abuse. Kumpfer, Alvarado and Whiteside (2003) have identified that support for families based within the home, family education and skills training, improve parental behaviour and time-limited family therapy are all highly effective forms of family-based interventions for young people with substance abuse issues. However, as research has shown that the family can also play a role in increasing risk of substance abuse, professionals must be confident that family therapy is suitable and not run the risk of worsening a you ng persons relationship with their family and in turn worsening their substance abuse.School-Based InterventionsEducation about the use of drugs and alcohol within schools has been advocated as a preventative intervention for young people at risk of substance abuse disorder. Fletcher, Bonell and Hargreaves (2008) found that interventions focused around encouraging a positive school environment and improving young peoples relationships was associated with a reduction in risky substance abuse. However, part of this conclusion was based on the review of empiric studies, which are open to bias and subjectivity.CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS This essay has reviewed a number of sources regarding the efficacy and suitability of certain interventions for young people with substance abuse issues. A key limitation of much of the literature is the tendency to put emphasis on drugs as a generic material with very little distinction is made between different types of illicit substances. With the very varied effects of different drugs on the user, it could be argued that the specific reasons for a young persons drug usage will have an impact on the effects that a drug has. For example, stimulant drugs will most likely be used for nervous system arousal, period other drugs such as alcohol and cannabis are sedatives and cause nervous system depression. These kinds of drugs can be termed as instrumental drugs since the reasons behind their usage correspond to the effect of the different kind of drug that is used (Brick, 2008). Therefore, it might be useful for professionals to base their interventions on the types of substance abused.From the above literature review it is evident that there is need for mental healthcare especially to help young people who are adversely affected by the use of drugs and other substance abuse. Some youths suffer from psychiatric disorders as a result of indulgence in drugs and substance abuse. Others run into mental problems that need serious rehabilitation measures taken in order to counter such problems hence emphasis should be laid on the care that is to be given to the young people affected by any of the above problems caused by the abuse of drugs and other substances. Therefore, mental health interventions remain an important intervention for young people.A number of recommended adjustments in healthcare to cater for young people struggling with abuse have been identified. For example, there should be an increased application of various musical strategies in helping patients suffering from various mental health conditions as a result of substance abuse (Connors, Donovan & DiClemente, 2001), as this kind of intervention appears to be scatty in use with young people.Another main limitation in research that aims to measure the effectiveness of intervention measures is the lack of control that researchers have. It would be considered wrong if young people with drug abuse problems were randomly allocated to int ervention procedures, especially if one was chosen as a control condition and was not believed to be effective in treating substance abuse issues. This means that it can be difficult to compare intervention methods. Another limitation lies in the types of measure researchers use to measure effectiveness of intervention methods. For example, a self-report measure may be used to assess whether young people have either stopped or at least reduced their intake of illicit substances. This type of questionnaire may also be used to see if the young people are sightedness a positive result from receiving an intervention. However, self-report measures are open to social desirability bias meaning that many young people may fabricate their answers in order to either please the professionals who are involved with helping them or to conceal ongoing substance abuse.The review has also emphasized the causes or triggers of alcohol and drug abuse among young people in the United Kingdom showing tha t the environment a young person stays in is one of the greatest factors that lead to indulgence in alcohol, drug and substance abuse. Other factors like enjoyment, peer pressure, promotions in the media and rebellion are also causes of alcohol, drug and substance abuse among the youth in the United Kingdom (Gurnack, Atkinson and Osgood, 2002). More focus on these root causes could help improve prevention and reduce the need for later intervention, which has a poor track record of success.Finally, there is need according to the literature review to improve media perception of mental health patients in order to help alleviate the conditions of psychiatric disorders that are caused by the indulgence of young people in alcohol, drug and substance abuse (Berglund and Thelander, 2003). This doesnt indicate failure in the mental nursing services but it just implies that mental health workers and psychiatrists need reinforcement in order to positively contribute to successful intervention (Califano, 2007). This suggestion is based on the need for a more holistic approach when it comes to treating young people with substance abuse issues, where the effect on all areas of their life including their mental health must be taken into account during intervention.Strengths of this Critical Literature ReviewSecondary data was reviewed in this project, which provided big scope on choices of information for the project. In addition this review was able to identify key areas for improvement of health condition interventions for youths affected by substance abuse.Limitations of this Critical Literature ReviewThis literature review was small in scale, since word and time limits were set. Although 23 articles were selected for review, this number could have been improved. This could have provided a great depth of understanding of the study area. In addition, limited time implicated how the review was to be carried out. 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SourceNumber of Relevant Hits Department of Health0 NHS Evidence5597 PsychINFO22 PubMed2337 Google Scholar1,070,000 Nursing.net4435 Nursing and Midwifery Council59 Royal College of Psychiatrists477 Royal College of Nursing library services1,753 Search Term Alcohol Abuse. SourceNum ber of Relevant Hits Department of Health0 NHS Evidence6893 PsychINFO92 PubMed87,995 Google Scholar1,480,000 Nursing.net1760 Nursing and Midwifery Council138 Royal College of Psychiatrists629 Royal College of Nursing library services1,654 Search Term Effects of alcohol abuse. SourceNumber of Relevant Hits Department of Health0 NHS Evidence5476 PsychINFO31 PubMed21,363 Google Scholar1,430,000 Nursing.net8502 Nursing and Midwifery Council40 Royal College of Psychiatrists531 Royal College of Nursing library services2,590 Search term Intervention measures for drugs and substance abuse. SourceNumber of Relevant Hits Department of Health0 NHS Evidence3169 PsychINFO3 PubMed215 Google Scholar174,000 Nursing.net7672 Nursing and Midwifery Council23 Royal College of Psychiatrists302 Royal College of Nursing library services3,250 Appendix B TitleFirst AuthorPublication Year 1Drug treatment and twelve-step program participation the additive effects of integrated recovery activities.Fioren tine2000 2A critical review of adolescent substance abuse group treatments.Engle2009 3Co-occuring severe mental illness and substance use disorders A review of recent research.RachBeisel1999 4Statistics for young people in specialist drug and alcohol services in England 2011-12National Drug Treatment Monitoring System2012 5Substance abuse in young people.Gilvarry2000 6The efficacy of single-session motivational interviewing in reducing drug consumption and perceptions of drug-related risk and harm among young people results from a multi-site cluster randomised trial.McCambridge2004 7The role of the family in preventing and interviewing with substance use and misuse a comprehensive review of family intervention, with a focus on young people.Velleman2005 8School effects on young peoples drug use a systematic review of intervention and observational studies.Fletcher2008 9A review of community-based interventions to reduce substance misuse among vulnerable and disadvantaged young people .Jones2006 10Motivational enhancement and other brief interventions for adolescent substance abuse foundations, applications and evaluations.Tevyaw2004 11Motivational interviewing for substance abuse.Smedslund2011 12On the learning curve the emerging evidence supporting cognitive-behavioural therapies for adolescent substance abuse.Waldron2004 13Testing the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral treatment for substance abuse in a community setting within treatment and posttreatment findings.Morgenstern2001 14Family-based interventions for substance use and misuse prevention.Kumpfer2003 15Deterioration over time in effect of Motivational Interviewing in reducing drug consumption and related risk among young people.McCambridge2005 16Drug misuse psychosocial interventions full guideline.National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence2007 17Substance abuse treatment and the stages of change Selecting and planning interventions.Connors2001

Development of Agriculture in Nigeria

Since 1974 the Bank has committed $1. 2 billion for Agricultural Development Projects (computer system) to increase farm production and welfare among smallholders in Nigeria. OED reviewed five ADPs and a frequenting Agricultural Technical Assistance Project (ATAP), all implemented between 1979 and 1990. Only two of the six projects had satisfactory outcomes. In general, rainfed country production was far below projections. Macroeconomic conditions, some national policies, and particular design and implementation problems prevented a more significant impact.Low-cost irrigated development of sea-level areas (fadama) was, however, quite successful. Village water supply components exceeded their targets. The ADPs have evolved to be permanent institutions for rural infrastructural development and agricultural operate, but their role vis-a-vis the mend state departments needs to be reviewed. ADP concept The ADPs were designed in response to a fall in agricultural productiveness, and h ence a concern to sustain domestic food supplies, as labor had moved out of agriculture into more remunerative activities that were benefitting from the oil color boom.Conversely, domestic recycling of oil income provided the opportunity for the government, with Bank support, to develop the ADPs. The projects provided agricultural investment and services, rural roads, and village water supplies. The governments adoption of the ADP concept put the smallholder sector at the bone marrow of the agricultural development strategy, and marked a clear shift away from capital-intensive investment projects for selected areas of high agricultural potential. The first ADPs in Nigeria were enclave projects each concealment a specific region within a state.Their early results impressed both the federal and state governments, and there was pressure to replicate the approach crosswise whole states. By 1989 all Nigerias then 19 states had ADPs. (See Box. ) Two of the projects auditedIlorin and Oy o Northwere enclave projects, and were located in the middle belt of Nigeria whose main crops are rainfed cereals and root crops. The lead other ADPs auditedBauchi, Kano, and Sokotowere statewide projects in Nigerias northern zone. Cropping in his zone is based on rainfed cereal crops and pulses, with localized areas of fadama in drainage lines that can support higher-value crops. The northern ADPs applied an expanded version of the same model used in the earlier enclave projects in this zone. This model demanded large amounts of capital and services and intensive management. With hindsight, not enough thought was given to the implications of the large increase in scaleor indeed to the less favorable production milieu than existed in the smaller enclaves.Goals, content All the five ADPs sought to increase food production and farm incomes. In all of them it was assumed that productivity increases would come from the use of improved technology, especially planting material and fertil izer. The agricultural components of the projects were designed around systems for developing technology and transferring it to farmers, distributing modern inputs, and land development including small-scale irrigation of fadama areas and land clearing.Investments in infrastructure included an expanded feeder road network, construction of farm service centers for input distribution, and facilities for ADP staff and operations. All projects overlook that in Ilorin supported improvements in rural water supplies. To support its agricultural development goals the federal government introduced controls on food imports and continued its substantial subsidies on farm inputs, particularly fertilizer.

Torture: Morality and Terrorist

In the article The Truth about Torture, Charles Krauthammer considers the ticking time neglect problem and argues that torture is sometimes not only morally permissible, but morally necessary. Krauthammer single-valued functions the example of terrorists in his example, what if we captured a terrorist with knowledge of an attack and the knowledge of future attacks do we torture him for his instruction? Or plain just have him locked up? (Krauthammer 2). Utilitarian considerations are sufficient to justify using cruel actions against terrorists to ask out confessions.Even though is cruel to torture one to extract schooling, it is our duty as citizens to maintain the happiness as a whole and do what is necessary to save lives. Utilitarianism is a consequential normative moral theory, which state of matter the moral value of an action is determined by the most happiness or utility it creates (Mill 461). If we use this definition to analyze the case, thence yes it is sufficient to use cruel actions such as waterboarding and sodium pentathol injections on terrorists to extract information.Waterboarding is a terrifying and deeply shocking torture technique in which the prisoner has his position exposed to water in a way that gives the feeling of drowning (Krauthammer 3). Sodium pentathol injection is a sedative drug drug its purpose is to disinhibit the higher brain centres to make someone more likely to share their information (Krauthammer 3). In parts of Asia, torture is embedded in the criminal justice system (Wong 1). So there is no concern as to why torture cant be used in the example of the terrorist. By torturing the terrorist, we are able to extract information from him, thus doing what is morally pay off and save lives.Maintaining and creating happiness among the whole is more important just the happiness of a soul. If that is the case then wouldnt torturing the terrorist be the right thing to do? torturing him would make the world a more peacefu l place and also letting terrorists know that we are not scared of them and well do whatever it takes to spoil their well-thought-out plans. Utilitarianism allows for violations of justice. This is one of those violations because were torturing for the good of humankind and fighting off malign at the same time.Some might argue torturing someone is morally wrong, even though is for a good cause. The example of waterboarding and sodium pentathol injection is cruel and non-humane. This is because both these examples violate basic human rights. Injecting sodium pentathol into another human is usually against their own will, let alone extracting information from them without their consent. Utilitarianism holds that actions tend to foster get up happiness, wrong as they tend to produce unhappiness (Mill 462). In this case, wouldnt we create unhappiness for the terrorist because he is suffering?Saving lives is one thing, but there must be bettor ways of extracting information than to t orture another human. With regards to torture on the terrorist, is important to note that utilitarian maintain that each persons happiness is to be weighted equally and that happiness is pleasure and the absence of pain (Mill 469). Torturing then would be the right thing to do because happiness out-weight unhappiness. More people will be upset and devastated if a terrorist attack did happen and we choose not to torture the terrorist to extract information. If the terrorist attack did not go as planned, so what?The terrorist wouldnt be devastated and be sad as much as we would have to deal with the death of innocent people. The terrorist will probably just think of a better plan and hope itll execute to perfection the next time. Is necessary to be cruel and torture a terrorist to get information, but on one condition, if happiness out-weight unhappiness. This is the case when we know lives can be save by means of torture. Torture is cruel, with examples such as injections of sodium pentathol and waterboarding, but sometimes is needed to help do whats best for humankind.Bibliography -Wong Kai-shing. The Problem of Torture in Chinas Criminal Justice System http//www. hrsolidarity. acquit/mainfile. php/2005vol15no05/2451/ Krauthammer, Charles. The Truth about Torture http//www. weeklystandard. com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/006/400rhqav. asp? page=3 -Mill, John Stuart. Utilitarianism. In Introduction to Philosophy Classical and Contemporary Readings, Fifth Edition. Eds JohnPerry, Michael Bratman and John Martin Fischer. New York, NY Oxford University press, 2010. Pp. 457-476.