Nai Talim

1 SLD07. 20. 08 16th Ordinary Emory Presbyterian Church Romans 8:5-6, 12-17 Jill Oglesby Evans â€Å"Mahatma Gandhi: My Life Is My Message† Have you ever seen the bumper sticker or t-shirt slogan, â€Å"Peace, like war, must be waged? † Whatever else might be said about this morning’s saint, Mahatma Gandhi, who could argue but that the man dedicated his entire life to waging peace, in his heart, in his home, in his country, and in the world.And if you think that waging peace is somehow more passive than waging war, you may want to know that, for all his abhorrence of violence as a means to an end, yet Gandhi insisted that the non-violent activist, like any soldier, has to be ready to die for the cause. Indeed, during India’s decades long struggle for independence, thousands of Indians were killed by the British. The difference was that the non-violent activist, while willing to die, was never willing to kill. 1 [Sound like anybody else we know? ] In Gandhi ’s view, there are three possible responses to oppression and injustice.One he viewed as the coward’s way – to accept the wrong or run from it. The second was to stand and fight by force of arms, which, in his view, is better than accepting or running from the wrong. But the third way – to stand and fight solely by non-violent means – required the most courage and was best of all. Born Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in 1869, to a well-placed family in presentday Gujarat, Western India, Mahatma Gandhi grew up with a devout mother and the Jain traditions of the region, absorbing influences that would eventually play an 1 www. mkgandhi. rg/faq/q14. htm. S ource: M ahatma Gandhiand His M yths, by M ark S hephard. 2 important role in his adult life, including compassion to all sentient, or feeling, beings, vegetarianism, fasting for self-purification, and mutual tolerance between individuals of different creeds. 2 When he was only 13, Mohandas was married 1 4-year old Kasturbai in an arranged child marriage, as was the custom in the region. The couple’s first child, born when Gandhi was 15, only survived a few days, though Mohandas and Kasturbai were to have four more children, all sons.Despite his early marriage, Gandhi continued his education through middle and high school, and eventually to college to become a lawyer, a profession that frankly held more interest to his family than to him. In 1888, he traveled to London to study law and there crossed paths with members of the Theosophical Society, an organization founded a decade or so before for the purpose of furthering universal brotherhood. Not having shown a particular interest in religion before, Gandhi began reading works of and about Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism, Islam and other religions.Subsequently, Gandhi returned to India to practice law in India, but limited success there prompted him to accept a year-long contract with an Indian firm in South Africa. The fir st photo on your bulletin covers shows Gandhi as an attorney in South Africa in 1895. In South Africa Gandhi achieved greater success in his profession, but he also found there the most flagrant discrimination against himself as an Indian. After refusing to move from first class to a third class when he held a valid first class ticket, he was physically thrown off the train.Traveling further by stagecoach, he was beaten by a driver for refusing to travel on the footboard to make room for a European passenger. 2 For thisand the following biographicalinformation, see http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/M ahatmas_Gandhi 3 Another time, a magistrate ordered him to remove his turban in court, which he refused to do. These incidents comprised a turning point in Gandhi’s life, awakening him to contemporary social injustice and prompting his passionate social activism.Prompted by a bill denying Indians the right to vote, Gandhi found himself becoming politically active, organizing the Ind ian community into a homogenous political force. Having experienced firsthand the racism, prejudice and injustice against Indians in South Africa, and witnessing the compromise that came through peaceful protest, Gandhi began to question his own people’s status within the British Empire, as well as his personal role in his society. In 1915, Gandhi returned to India desiring to be introduced to the issues, politics and people of his native country.One of his first major achievements came in 1918 when he intervened on behalf of the villages of Champaran. The people there, suppressed by the militias of British landlords, lived in extreme poverty. Yet the British still levied an additional oppressive tax which they continually increased despite the peoples’ desperate conditions. In response, Gandhi organized a detailed study and survey of the villages, accounting for the atrocities and terrible episodes of suffering amongst the people.Enlisting the help of villagers, he be gan leading a clean-up of the villages, including the building of schools and hospitals, and the training of village leadership. †¦ Until he was arrested for creating unrest. At which point, hundreds of thousands of people protested and demanded his release, which the court reluctantly granted. Finally, under Gandhi’s leadership, the landlords signed an agreement 4 granting the poor farmers of the region more compensation and control over their farming.It was during this agitation that the village people began to address Gandhi as Bapu, which means â€Å"Father,† and Mahatma, an honorary title meaning â€Å"Great Soul. † The monikers spread, as did Gandhi’s reputation for strength in resistance against injustice. Yet Gandhi’s strength throughout his and India’s struggle against the British came, not from armed weapons but from the tactics of non-cooperation, non-violence, and peaceful resistance. To Gandhi, all violence was evil and cou ld not be justified, no matter which side, the â€Å"enemy’s† or his own, perpetuated it.Regardless of how incendiary the acts of the British or their Raj, nevertheless Gandhi consistently decried any violent retaliatory actions on the part of the Indians. Being assertive and on the offensive? Yes, even aggressively so, through civil disobedience and non-cooperation. â€Å"Satyagraha† was the term Gandhi used for non-violent action, which in his mind was â€Å"a way of life based on love and compassion. †3 Asks one author, Mark Shepherd, who wrote a publication called Gandhi and His Myths, â€Å"why did Gandhi employ this approach? Was he just trying to fill the jails? To overwhelm and embarrass his captors?Make them ‘give in’ through force of numbers? Not at all,† says Shepherd. â€Å"He just wanted to make a statement. He wanted to say, ‘I care so deeply about this matter that I am willing to take on the legal penalties, to si t in this prison cell, to sacrifice my freedom, in order to show you how deeply I care. Because when you see the depth of my concern, and how ‘civil’ I am in going about this, you’re bound to change your mind about me, to abandon your rigid, unjust position, and let me help you see the truth of my cause. ’ In other words, says the author, Gandhi’s 3 www. mkgandhi. org/faq/q17. htm method aimed to win not by overwhelming, but by converting his opponent, by bring about a ‘change of heart. ’†4 â€Å"Sound naive? † asks Shepherd. â€Å"Well, it is,† he says. â€Å"To my knowledge, no civil disobedience campaign of Gandhi’s ever succeeded chiefly through a change of heart in his opponents. Rather, here’s what happened: Gandhi and his followers break a law politely. Public leaders have them arrested, tried and put in prison. Gandhi and his followers cheerfully accept it all. Members of the public are impress ed by the protest and public sympathy is aroused for the protesters and their cause.Members of the public put pressure on the leaders to negotiate with Gandhi. As cycles of civil disobedience recur, public pressure grows stronger. Finally, public leaders give into pressure from their constituency and negotiate with Gandhi. †¦ There are variations on this theme in Gandhi’s campaigns but generally speaking, his most decisive influence on his opponents was more indirect than direct. †5 Lest you imagine that Gandhi held the law in disregard, hear his rules for civil disobedience: Only people with a high regard for the law were qualified for civil disobedience.Only specific, unjust laws were to be broken. No direct or physical coercion was allowed. Hostile language was banned. Destroying property was forbidden. Civil disobedience in the form of the thoughtful, peaceful, and intentional breaking of unjust laws, and non-cooperation in the form of strikes, economic boycott s and tax refusals – this was how Gandhi believed India could gain complete individual, spiritual and political independence from the British. â€Å"No government can exist for a 4 Ibid. 5 Ibid. 6 single moment without the cooperation of the people, willing or forced,† said Gandhi. And if people suddenly withdraw their cooperation in every detail, the government will come to a standstill. † And so it did. To start the ball rolling, Gandhi reorganized the Indian National Congress, oversaw the writing of a new constitution, and set about improving the discipline and effectiveness of his people. He expanded his non-violent platform to include the swadeshi policy – the boycott of foreign-made goods, especially British goods. Linked to this was his advocacy that homespun cloth (khadi) be worn by all Indians instead of British-made textiles.He exhorted Indian men and women, rich or poor, to spend time each day spinning this homespun cloth, as he did, himself, a strategy intended both to inculcate discipline and dedication in the masses, and to include women in the movement. In addition to boycotting British products, Gandhi urged the people to boycott British educational institutions, to resign from government employment, and to forsake British titles and honors. Gandhi’s non-cooperation program enjoyed wide-spread appeal and success, increasing excitement and participation from all strata of Indian society.However, just as it was reaching its apex, Gandhi ended it abruptly because of a violent clash in the state of Uttar Pradesh in 1922. Fearing that his movement was about to take a turn towards violence that would be the undoing of all his work, Gandhi called off his campaign of mass civil disobedience. He was arrested on March 10, 1922 and sentenced to six years of imprisonment, of which he served two. 7 For the following decade Gandhi stayed out of active politics, focusing most of his attention on expanding initiatives against untouchability, alcoholism, ignorance and poverty.In 1928, however, when the British government appointed a new constitutional reform commission that did not include any Indians, Gandhi returned to public debate, leading Congress to call the British either to grant India dominion status or face a new campaign of non-cooperation with complete independence as its goal. The British did not respond. On December 31, 1929, the Indian flag was raised in Lahore. Two months later Gandhi launched his famous 248 mile â€Å"Salt March† to the sea for Indians to make their own salt, instead of purchasing it from Britain.Thousands of Indians joined in the march. The British responded by imprisoning over 60,000 people. Due to political pressure, however, within a year, the British government decided to negotiate with Gandhi. In return for the suspension of the civil disobedience movement, they agreed to set all political prisoners free. Unfortunately no real transfer of power took place. Wh en World War II broke out, Gandhi and his supporters made it clear through their most forceful movement yet, called Quit India, that they would not support the war effort unless India were granted immediate independence.Gandhi and the entire Congress Working Committee were arrested in Bombay in 1942 and held for two years. Because of his failing health, he was released before the end of the war. At the end of the war, the British vowed to transfer power to Indian hands. Gandhi called off the struggle and 100,000 political prisoners were released. 8 Over the next two years, many debates occurred related to the nature of the freedom of India and its partition into Muslim and Hindu-majority states.Gandhi was vehemently opposed to any plan that partitioned India into two separate countries, although he finally assented, and devoted himself to keeping the Indian warring parties at peace. Still, on January 30, 1948, Gandhi was shot and killed by a Hindu radical whose extremist organizatio n held him responsible for weakening India by insisting upon a political payment to the newly formed nation of Pakistan. Although Mahatma Gandhi was not the originator of the principle of non-violence, he was the first to apply it in the political field on a huge scale.Important leaders strongly influenced by Gandhi’s approach to political activism include Afro-American Martin Luther King,Jr. , Euro-American Albert Einstein and Mexican American Cesar Chavez, South Africans Nelson Mandela, Steven Biko and Desmond Tutu, the prime minister-elect of Burma/Myanmar, Aung San Suu Kyi, Pakistani Muslim peacemaker Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, the Tibetan Dalai Lama, and British-born devotee and activist, Madeleine Slade, also known as Mirabehn. Gandhi’s developed principles of discipline, non-violence and passionate concern for the greater good echo loudly across many faiths.In 1955 Martin Luther King, Jr. remarked, â€Å"Christ gave us the goals, and Mahatma Gandhi, the tactics. † You know, there’s an irony to trying to distill the story, teaching and example of a soul as great as Gandhi’s (or any other saint’s, for that matter) into a single sermon on a single Sunday morning in one particular American protestant church. But if our aim is to 9 look for proof that the gospel can, indeed, be lived, then in my view, it’s nevertheless important to make a stab at exploring the many diverse ways it is.The God that you and I worship and seek to know is sovereign over all creation, over all humanity, over all that is good and life-giving, indeed, over all that is. That’s what the Apostle Paul believed when he preached to the seekers in Rome about the importance of setting their minds on the things of the Spirit. To set the mind on the flesh is death, he told them, but to set the mind on the Spirit is life and peace. And all who are led by the Spirit of God, said Paul, are children of God. (Ro 8:5-6,14) If we imagine that the re is only one way to led by the Spirit of God, we limit God.If we imagine there is only one way God’s Spirit can lead us, we limit ourselves. So if each Sunday we can’t quite fully capture or communicate the depth and breadth or ambiguities of the lives of our summer saints, yet perhaps our imaginations are stretched enough beyond the usual boundaries of our daily lives and faith, that we might even wonder ourselves in what boundary-breaking ways God’s Spirit might be trying to lead us. After all, â€Å"what is faith worth if it is not translated into action? † asks Gandhi. And that’s a good question. To the glory of God. Amen.

Night World : The Chosen Chapter 17

Hunter's yacht was bigger than the powerboat Quinn had brought to the island. There was a salon down in the cabin and two separate staterooms. Right now, Timmy was in one of them. Nyala was in another. Quinn had put them both to sleep. Quinn and Rashel were in the cockpit. â€Å"Do you think any of the vampires got out?† Rashel said softly. â€Å"I don't know. Probably.† His voice was as quiet as hers. He was filthy, covered with sand and soot, burned here and there, and wildly disheveled. He had never looked more beautiful to Rashel. â€Å"You saved Nyala,† she whispered. â€Å"And I know you did it for me.† He looked at her and some of the tense focus went out of his eyes. The hardness in his face softened. Rashel took his hand. She didn't know how to say the rest of what she meant. That she knew he had changed, that he was changing every minute. She could almost feel the new parts of his mind opening and growing-or rather, the old parts, the parts he'd deliberately left behind when he stopped being human. â€Å"Thank you, John Quinn,† she whispered. He laughed. It wasn't a savage laugh, or a bitter laugh, or even the charming Mad Hatter laugh. It was just a real laugh. Tired and shaky, but happy. â€Å"What else could I do?† Then he reached for her and they were holding each other. They might look like two refugees from a disaster movie, but all Rashel felt was the singing joy of their closeness. It was such comfort to be able to hold on to Quinn, and such wonder to feel him holding her back. A feeling of peace stole over her. There were still problems ahead. She knew that. Her mind was already clicking through them, forming a dim checklist of things to worry about when she regained the ability to worry. Hunter and the other vampires. They might still be alive. They might come looking for revenge. But even if they did†¦ Rashel had spent her whole life fighting the Night World alone. Now she had Quinn beside her, and together they could take on anything. Daphne and the girls. Rashel felt sure they were safe; she trusted Annelise and Keiko. But once they got home, they'd be traumatized. They would need help. And someone would need to figure out what they should tell the rest of the world. Not that anyone would believe it was real vampires who had kidnapped them if they said so, Rashel thought. The police would pass it off as a cult or something. Still, the girls know the truth. They may be fresh recruits for the fight†¦. Against what? How could she be a vampire hunter now? How could she try to destroy the Night World? Where could a reformed vampire and a burned-out vampire hunter go when they fell in love? The answer, of course, was obvious. Rashel knew even as she formed the question, and she laughed silently into Quinn's shoulder. Circle Daybreak. They'd become damned Daybreakers. Granted, they weren't the type to dance in circles with flowers in their hair, singing about love and harmony and all that. But if Circle Daybreak was going to make any headway, it needed something besides love and harmony. It needed a fighting arm. Somebody to deal with the vampires who were hopelessly evil and bent on destruction. Somebody to save people like Nyala's sister. Somebody to protect kids like Timmy. Come to think of it, Circle Daybreak was where Nyala and Timmy belonged, too. Right now they need peace and healing, and people who would understand what they'd been through. I don't know, Rashel thought, maybe witches can help. She hoped so. She thought Nyala would be all right-there was a kind of inner strength to the girl that kept her fighting. She wasn't so sure about Timmy. Trapped in a four-year-old body, his mind twisted by whatever lies Hunter had told him†¦ what kind of normal life could he ever have? But he was alive, and there was a chance. And maybe there were parts of his mind that were bright and warm and aching to grow. Elliot and Vicky and the other vampire hunters. Rashel would have to talk to them, try to explain what she'd learned. She didn't know if they'd listen. But she would have to try. â€Å"All anybody can do is try,† she said softly. Quinn stirred. He leaned back to look into her face. â€Å"You're right,† he said, and she realized that he'd been thinking about the same things. Our minds work alike, she thought. She had found her partner, her equal, the one to work and live and love with her. Her soulmate. â€Å"I love you, John Quinn,† she said. And then they were kissing each other and she was finding in him a tenderness that even she hadn't suspected. But it made sense. After all, the opposite of absolute ruthlessness is absolute tenderness-and when you ripped the one away, you were left with the other. I wonder what else I'll find out about him? She thought, dizzy with discovery. Whatever it is, it's sure to be interesting. â€Å"I love you, Rashel Jordan,† he said against her lips. Not Rashel the Cat. The Cat was dead, and all the old anger and the hate had burned away. It was Rashel Jordan who was starting a new future. She kissed Quinn again and felt the beauty and the mystery of his thoughts. â€Å"Hold me tighter,† she whispered. â€Å"I'm a little cold.† â€Å"You are? I feel so warm. It's spring tomorrow, you know.† And then they both were quiet, lost in each other. The boat sped on through the sparkling ocean and into the promise of the moonlit night.. [The End]

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Modern Myths Paper - Essay Example sidered a prize we deserve on the simple merit of being American and something we feel entitled to start enjoying while we’re still young enough to enjoy it. Although each person has a different idea of exactly what constitutes a dream vacation, or even the American Dream, there is a shared concept of something enticingly sweet, highly desirable, reasonably attainable and intended just for them. A great deal of energy and attention is given to the concept of the American Dream, but while most people seem to have this concept of a tantalizing treat drifting just out of their reach, few have any clue as to just where they’d go if they could. Because the concept seems to be universally understood, very few people discuss the idea of the American Dream to any great extent, but without any form of real definition, it remains puzzling just how anyone might be able to determine when or if they have ever reached it. The American Dream has some common elements such as a house, l eisure time and the natural result of average effort, yet each individual must realize that their idea of home and their concept of leisure might be vastly different from another person’s. Without actually defining what comprises the individual dream, it is impossible to discover it. The process becomes the activity with no real idea of the goal and no true direction to get there. For most people, it’s just supposed to happen. Growing up, many of us have been under the impression that we are entitled to the American Dream because we are Americans and our forefathers won it for us. For a lot of us, this has meant not having to actually work hard for what we want because it was earned for us already. However, we go off the track when we start trying to define what that dream is. According to John E. Nestler, â€Å"the American Dream has undergone a metamorphosis from principle to materialism †¦ When people are concerned more with the attainment of things than with the maintenance of

The History of Hospitals, Delivery of Inpatient Services Essay

The History of Hospitals, Delivery of Inpatient Services - Essay Example The agencies of the Public Health Service are the Health Administration, the Food and Drug Administration, the Centers for Disease Prevention, the Agency of Health Care Research and the Agency Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Wherever numerous publicly funded health care programs help to provide for the elderly, disabled, military service families and veterans, children, and the poor and federal law ensures public access to emergency services regardless of ability to pay, however, the main goal wasn't implemented. Significant goal was approached through Massachusetts, implementation of a near-universal health care system by the Massachusetts 2006 Health Reform Statute, mandating that residents purchase health care coverage with little or no control over how much the health insurance policies cost. Problems as rising cost have been contributed by increasing per capita spending by an aging population. One reason for this is the large number of babies born in the lost years and so contribution was increasing expenditure. Another thing is that try improving health care on old population has tended to delay the onset of serious illness and high health care expenditures and medical malpractice; also, resulting defensive medicine has slight contribution of care cost. And so the need of health care system on an aging population has been established since 1960 through Medicare, provider of health care insurance for all Americans age 65 and older. It covers hospital care and physician fee and prescription drug benefits. Medicare takes important steps to reduce long-term health care cost through providing up-to-date preventive benefits and programs that lower overall cost for benefices with chronic illness by preventing complication. Also development of better information on quality and costs of health care through implementation of competitive reforms in durable medical equipment. But Medicare funding has issued warning when financing will exceed 45 percentage of total expenditure with seven years. Such a warning triggered an expedited process to reduce general revenue financing, in which the President is required to propose legislation to address the issue in the next Budget, and Congress is required to consider the proposal on an expedited basis. So crises will run in 2018 because the hospital insurances will run of money. Most health economist believe that the primary causes of increasing spending of health care is development of new technologies, try which could be established improvement of patient care. Estimating the efforts on overage the benefits are expending opportunities of effectiveness of care. Physicians, nurses, and other health profession hospitals and manufactory of pharmaceuticals and device and researches are key input into the health care system. Right investning in any of them can establish effective health care system or effective key output. The pharmaceutics and the medical device industry are most impotent aspects of modern health care system and so supply many of the products are most responsible for improvement on public health, such as medication and devices such as joint replacement and artificial lenses. The developing and the right marketing are the right way to established effective health

Jahari Window Essay Example for Free

Jahari Window Essay The Johari Window, named after the first names of its inventors, Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham, is one of the most useful models describing the process of human interaction. A four paned window divides personal awareness into four different types, as represented by its four quadrants: open, hidden, blind, and unknown. The lines dividing the four panes are like window shades, which can move as an interaction progresses (Daft, 2011 pg. 273-276). The Johari Window concept would be particularly helpful for leaders to promote understanding employee/employer relationships and is a simple and useful tool for illustrating and improving self-awareness, and mutual understanding between individuals within a group. The Johari Window actually represents information such as feelings, experience, views, attitudes, skills, intentions, motivation, etc, within or about a person, in relation to their group, from four perspectives (Daft, 2011, pg. 275). The Johari Window model can also be used to represent the same information for a group in relation to other groups. Johari Window terminology refers to self and others: self means oneself, ie, the person subject to the Johari Window analysis. Others means other people in the persons group or team (Dart, 2011, pg. 275). The Johari window, essentially being a model for communication, can also reveal difficulties in this area. In Johari terms, two people attempt to communicate via the open quadrants. On the simplest level, difficulties may arise due to a lack of clarity in the interaction, such as poor grammar or choice of words, unorganized thoughts, faulty logic etc. This induces the receiver to criticize you, the sender, by revealing something that was in your blind quadrant. Then, if the feedback works, you correct it immediately, or perhaps on a more long term approach take a course in reading and writing. On a deeper level, you may be in a group meeting, and while you secretly sympathize with the minority viewpoint, you voted with the majority. However, blind to you, you actually may be communicating this information via body language, in conflict with your verbal message. On an even deeper level, you in an interaction with others, may always put on a smiling, happy face, hiding all negative feelings. By withholding negative feelings, you may be signaling to your friends to withhold also, and keep their distance. Thus, your communication style may seem bland or distant (Chapman, 2010).

How Do You Begin To Count Your Blessings Religion Essay

How Do You Begin To Count Your Blessings Religion Essay We embellish fear, many times covering it up, making it look like something else, so that we dont have to deal with it head on. By giving it a different cover, we can pass over it more readily and not see how it is camouflaged. Fear retains a darkness that we dont want to deal with, a place that we dont want to go, a dwelling that is undeniably uncomfortable. In the light we can speak our truth, in the darkness we can hide not wanting to venture out. The light has all healing powers, but why do we fear it so? Is it that we dont want to face ourselves, face our faults, and look ourselves in the eye? There is no issue in hiding fault, but the issues lie in opening up and facing the truth. So, we may be afraid of the ensuing circumstances, the possibility of rejection of removal or being shunned by family, friends, and society in general. But what comes of that, other than for us to slip back into the shadowy darkness. To suffer, to wallow in self pity, to yearn for a better life. Fear can grip us to the point of unmoveability, to the point of depression, to a feeling of cold and loneliness. We do not have to choose the route of others to be a part of the national alliance. We walk in shadows of other and that is ok as long as it is in the shadows of those who have gone before us and made an impact. But we do not need to walk in the shadow of those who are among us. We need to be strong, become front runners of an age of deliverance, an age that will bind those of us who are of the light. The more light that is spread, the smaller the darkness becomes until it is over powered overtaken. Light heals, darkness deceives. We have the ability to move forward, united, unified in the same thought and power to heal, to create the universe for all mankind to live in, peacefully and without fear of penetration by the dark forces. Our leadership will be from one of the light. But the masses will respond to a momentum created by the forces of light that will move us forward into a new millennium. We are the future of this earth, the keepers of the new way. We will be the teachers for those who do not believe, who have misgivings, who possess fear. Ones ability to see through the darkness, towards the light at the end of the tunnel, will encompass redemption in all of our souls. The masses will move forward, one by one, and then by groups until the flow will excel into a voluminous overthrow of the bitterness and evil of the existing mankind. We will manifest a lifetime of hope and inspiration, pushing back and pushing down, trampling on the darkness of possession, of grief, of solitude of depressiveness. We will embark on a journey to enlighten our souls, to truly understand what it is like to feel the power of love and acceptance. For those who have never felt this before, it will be all consuming, washing over you like a spiritual wind, caressing and subsiding your fears. Be willing to go to the levels it will take to bring forth and expedite this happening. Believe in the goal, believe in yourself. Believe in unity and perseverance. The sins will be washed clear when faith is put into the light. Past transgressions will be forgiven , debts will be paid, understanding will flow inward and truth will be spoken. Love will saturate the world, all will be as one and one will be all. There will no longer be an ongoing for we will live in the preset, in the presence of all that is good, all that is one, all that is beautiful in the light. Know that it may appear difficult at first, because you are unsure, because you are leery. Time and the past darkness have darkened your soul and your thoughts and beliefs. Change will not happen overnight, but just know that it will happen. Just be open to the possibility that life can and will be wonderful. We will remember our purpose, or intention and what we were set on this earth to achieve. The window will be opened and the brilliance will flow into our hearts. We will see the new world as it should be, not as it is. Once we accept our journey and our purpose, we will move forward with remarkable speed to achieve our oneness with the light. We will defy all odds, all obstacles in our path to rise above and blend with those of the same passion. What we create now will be passed on to generations to come. Our children will see the changes and become a part of the new family. Our grandchildren will be born of the light and with these gifts already instilled within them. They will be the children of the new age. The earth will respond, growing and developing more jubilantly and not whiter away. It will balance itself out and discontinue the purging to cleanse itself. We may not understand initially, but our journey is only beginning and it is going to be a wonderful journey. Keep an open mind and allow the new earths creation to seep into your awareness, becoming one with your soul. Go out into the world, into the jobs and the workplace into schools, government and every path of life and harvest the good, the tranquility and peacefulness that we know is ours for the taking. Vanquish the hostility, the inadequacies, the turmoil and look beyond the engrained believes we have been taught to live by. Qualify each person we encounter to be one of the light by your attitude toward them. Smile, share, bless, remove the hate, and rejoice in the light, which you are. Begin with yourself and remove the old self and replace it with the new improved you. When the stresses of the day begin to weight upon your body, inhale deeply and breathe in the light, the quiet, and the calm and become centered. Expel the stress, the negative thoughts, the irrational behaviors, those things that you cannot control. Send love and blessings to those who are the creators of your stress. Look around your surrounds and wish away any negative distractions or events that are occurring. Replace them with good thoughts and feelings of compassion and love. Dispel the resentments and quick response to point out the negativism. Quiet the multitudes by simply sharing the love and the happy thoughts. Believe and know that you are capable of making change happen by your own individual actions and through the words that you speak. Others will become aware and inspired by what they see and hear. This will not happened overnight but through a passage of time and endurance and faith. Like a chain reaction, it will move forward, spiraling outward through each and every person you encounter. Plant the seed of inspiration with everyone you encounter. Show by example. Look within first, the rest will come. The ability to move forward depends on the individuals intent, what they are willing to put forth, what they will do to guarantee their individual benefit from it all. Trust is highly essential to promote this well being and expansion. Reality in each individuals mind transcends all the fear that is stored there. Reality is what ones perception is of the world that we have grown accustomed to, not what is real in a spiritual sense. Adaptation is necessary to transcend the injustices imposed upon us from youth. Our reality is what we have grown accustomed to, what was beat into our minds and bodies throughout a lifetime, regardless of how short or long that life span is. We forgot who we were from the onset, who we were meant to be, who we were sent to be, and what our mission was and is. Our reality shields us from the darkness that we perceive to be there, but does not really exist. We need to quantify and qualify all our beliefs, right or wrong, to equate to one of the light, one o f the true being, one of the true self. History has taught us to be deceptive, to lie, and to cheat in order to get what we need. The reality is truth, seeking the answers that we know are out there, that will make us better individuals, true to ourselves, more than we have ever been. Perception is everything.. What we perceive is hidden in the darkness can only come to light with the reality of learning about the light and its meanings. The hidden secrets of the darkness only shields us from the truth of our own selves, of our own victimization of others, what is hidden, what is intrusive, what is not self supporting. Our goal is to reach into the darkness, draw forth the light that is hidden within, bring it to the surface and ignite it into the reality of truth and awareness. Being one with yourself and others is imperative to truth and reality. Awkward as it may seem, the shift will occur, the light will shine through, the reason and reality will surface, broadening into the daylight and sunlight, advancing forward in retribution of the ills of the past. We cannot continue to be evasive, hindering our progress, We cannot continue to breath stagnant air, living in the cesspool of a stagnant, non progressive lifestyle that we have all grown accustomed to over time. Reality is light, reality is freedom, and reality is the source of true spiritualism within the hearts of all. We cannot continue to be abolished and reprimanded for our faith and beliefs in the one true source. Indignation and self righteousness holds no place in the one who carries the spiritual light from within We atone for our sins as we grow spiritually and with love. The divine presence of God, our light source, our divination, whatever classification we give it, it is the soul of our existence. Matthew once said, it is I who has seen the light, it is I who have sinned and regressed. I come now with full heart and atonement to register my sins and my wrongdoing ,to face a new light, a new chapter in my book of transgressions. What we may believe and perceive as darkness, holds the light from shining through. We must breaks the shackles that hold us close the darkness and not freeing us or allowing us to break into the light of salvation. Forward we must go moving steadfast into a place of redemption.. Forward we must move into a place of no resentment, of no remorse, moving forward wit h love and light. Our blessings come from those who guide us from afar and within our guides or angels or believe that there is a better and more prosperous life waiting for us after we complete our journey on this earth. We consider moving forward and through each chapter of our progression as our time hear on this earth, this planet, this movement in our time span of evolvement. Christ is our savior we are thought to believe and honor. He came by example to show and lead the way. Mother sees and guides us through our times of treachery and tribulation, keeping our reality in check, causing us not to waiver in our times of questioning and despair. Matthew is my guide and shows me the true meaning of my existence. Be aware of the surroundings you live in, eliminate that which does not serve you anymore, physically, mentally and emotionally. Carry forth the blessings that have been bestowed upon you and ease outward and give from within. See the source of the light as it really is, w hat its stands for, what it means and brings to your life. Be real, be yourself, do not allow others to stain of mar what your mission and goals is in this life. Seek answers from within. Go to source of the matter he heart of things. Understanding will come with time, healing will come with the passage and removal of that which no longer works for your own good. Break free, break free from the limiting thoughts and negative cycle that you have been caught up on. Move forward, knowingly and hesitantly, but confidently for God and the source of all that is will be with you, leading the way, holding your hand and guiding you each step of the way. Do not fear that you will falter, for all of us are here to catch you if you strip and fall. Take us by the hand, walk with us, share with us, love with us. The darkness is but a house of fears holding us back, making us question of purpose and our existence. We are our own reality, the reality that we make for our life. The darkness is only necessary to the extent that it is a comfort zone, a place to be peaceful and restful. There is no fear in the darkness, only ones that we put there. There is comfort in the darkness only as you allow the light to penetrate add remove the insecurities that are stored there. Be fully aware that no one of the light can ever be harmful or prove malicious to you. The light is all good,, all sacred and all loving. The darkness should only be a period of restfulness where we can close our eyes and remove the stresses of the day and allow our insecurities and fears to diminish in to melt away to dissolve. Fear not for God is within the darkness, protecting you and keeping you safe.

Should Cell Phones Be Banned In Classrooms English Language Essay

Should Cell Phones Be Banned In Classrooms English Language Essay Some people think that cell phones should be banned in the classrooms because they think it bother the whole classrooms. They think it is not necessary to have them in classrooms. As for those they want the cell phones to be banned in the classrooms. They think that cell phones makes a lot of noise in the classrooms. So it is bothering them or even the whole classrooms. Because some cell phones have a loud ringing tone. The phone will rings so loud and thats the time all the people turn to check whos cell phones is that ringing. They want to know what do those people will talked about. That is the time students wont pay attention in classrooms. They might think that those people are talking on the cell phones are taking about something more interesting. So, they might hope for knowing about what theyre say on the cell phones. Students can not keep track of their time. Even in the middle of lecturing or working on their classworks. The students would stop listening to the instructors or teacher or stop on their work and start to answer their cell phones. Sometimes they stop from what theyre doing and start to play games on their cell phones. And they dont mind to concentrate or even pay any attention in their class any more. Its likely cell phones are more to interrupt all of their work and their attention in the classrooms. Even though they know that cell pones are limiting their learning and understanding in classrooms. Because even their free time and they dont think of studying any more. They only think of calling around or talking with their friends or even playing games on their cell phones and never mind about studying. All of their free time are more reserve for them to spend on cell phones. And if they banned the cell phones maybe they turn back to spend the free time for study because they wont have some else to do. Anyway, people are the key to know what is better for them. But I think that cell phones are not really important to use in the classrooms. Maybe somewhere else is better and not in class. In other way we might need and it is not to use in the classrooms. Especially, us people in Micronesia we never think of the is better for us to do in order for us to have a good life in the future. We just think of now and easy things for us right now. Because cell phones are not doing something to us in the classrooms. Although some people think cell phones are important incase of emergency, I think they are too distracting for the whole class, also the school can find students in emergencies. As for me I think thats the good think for it banned the cell phone in the classrooms. Because there is a way to what we need for the cell phones. That is why the cell phone is not good to use in the classrooms. And also good thing to improve our studying. EN 112 Essay Evaluation 90 to 100 A- to A+ Excellent to Very Good: The essay has a clearly expressed thesis. It also shows knowledgeable and thorough development of thesis; the support details are relevant, clearly stated, well organized and cohesive; sentences show variety, strong vocabulary with minimal grammatical errors, appropriate transitions are used. Format is correct. Very well developed. 80-89 B- to B+ Good: The essay has an acceptable thesis. It also shows significant knowledge of topic but not complete development of thesis; the supporting details are mostly relevant and organized but lack details thus somewhat interrupting the flow; sentences show some variety and good vocabulary; some grammatical errors, some use of transitions which are used appropriately; format is correct or almost correct. Well developed 70-79 C- to C+ Average: The essay has a fair thesis which indicates the topic and has an opinion but is somewhat weak. It also shows some knowledge of topic but limited development of thesis; some supporting details are relevant; main ideas stand out but somewhat choppy and loosely organized; sentences could use a little variety; several grammatical errors, few transitions and use is not always appropriate; format is correct or almost correct. Developed with at least 500 words but should have more details and support. 60-69 D- to D+ Fair to Poor: The essay has a weak thesis. It also shows limited knowledge of topic and inadequate development of thesis; a lot of the supporting details are confusing or disconnected; limited variety in sentence structure and vocabulary; frequent grammatical errors, almost no transitions are used; format needs correction. Underdeveloped and may have less than 500 words. 0 to 59 F Very Poor: The essay has no or very weak thesis and does not show knowledge of topic; the supporting details are mostly or all irrelevant; no organization; all simple sentences; weak vocabulary; dominated by grammatical errors and lacks transitions; format needs correction. Underdeveloped with less than 500 words. Overall Comments: the format of your essay is not correct. Please read the required format resource on the course web site. You need an introductory paragraph that introduces the issue, and your position shown in the thesis which is at the end of the introduction. This needs a lot of work. You need to have each paragraph correctly focused on what each one is for. A separate one is needed for the opponents argument against your opinion and in this paragraph you refute or concede his argument. There are also many grammar errors. This still needs lots of work before it can be considered an essay with a passing grade. Checklist†¦ Introduction Developed well to introduce the issue/problem and thesis Thesis statement is a clearly stated arguable position Thesis statement is in proper place Three/four developmental paragraphs 3 or 4 major reasons for position (your support) Organization of support/details (PATTERN 1or 2) Transitions and expressions used properly Logical development of reasons (THEY MAKE SENSE) Opponents most important reason refuted/conceded OR three opposing reasons refuted Relevancy Conclusion Restate thesis and support (reasons) Demand action, suggest a solution or predict an outcome Does not introduce a new idea Presentation Proper format (LOWERS GRADE IF WRONG!) Mechanics (spelling and grammar) Essay is 500 words or more

Workplace Diversity Essay -- Racial Diversity, Ethnic Diversity

Diversity is the uniqueness which every employee brings to the workplace in an organization or establishment. Examples of differences include nationality, belief, disabilities, physical appearance, race, gender, age, educational background, sexual orientation, and work experience, social and family status. At the workplace, valuing diversity means creating a work environment that respects and includes individual variation by maximizing the potential of all employees or in which every employee feels included. It means acknowledging that other people, other races, other voices, and other cultures have an equal claim on the world. Valuing diversity is the recognition that there are many ways of viewing the world, solving problems, and working together. Workplace diversity is the differences people bring in an organization. It encompasses learning and interacting with people who share different opinions, backgrounds from us and creating an environment which fosters diverse views and opinions. It does not only involve how people perceive or relate to themselves but how they perceive others and these perceptions do affect their interactions. â€Å"Most diversity experts believe that the significant distinctions are race, ethnicity, culture, religion, language, nation of origin, gender, sexual orientation, age, physical abilities, occupation, and class† (Leo Parvis, 2003). Complications begin from workplace difficulties to diversity which can disorganize and create a hostile environment. These threats, if not exposed and resolved through effective leadership, will lead to loss of potential and ultimately failure in the undertakings of the organization. Furthermore, diversity is in an elevated studying curve and similar to others continuin... ...ity is an important aspect in the workplace. We need diversity to offer the best service to customers, employees, affiliated companies, and share holders. Diversity offers personal difference in the people we work with. It is every employee's responsibility to ensure diversity is valued in the workplace. In every organization, employees should be open-minded and treat others with dignity, respect, courtesy and consideration and not tolerate harassment or discrimination. This creates a workplace that encourages learning and associating with people from diverse groups. With a diverse working environment and an equally diverse opportunity, the sky is the limit to what you can achieve during your career. In addition to a very important requirement when people deal with diversity is when there is a promotion of a "safe" place for people to communicate (Koonce, 2001).

The Death Penalty Essay -- capital punishment, death penalty

As of January 1, 2010, 3,261 people live on death row (â€Å"Death†). Fewer than 3,261 people live in my small town of Belle Plaine, so to me this number is outrageous. Inmates that wait on the death penalty jail create a problem for everyone in the country. If we would put these inmates through the death penalty quickly, we could take the problem away from the country. Why do we keep murderers and criminals on death row around? People argue the controversial topic of the death penalty very thoroughly, and address all sides. On one side people argue that we would save money and the death penalty sets an example for other criminals, while on the opposition people argue that life without parole is cheaper, capital punishment is morally wrong, and innocent people mistakenly are killed. The United States abolished the death penalty, also called capital punishment, in 1963. Throughout the 1960s, the Supreme Court battled many cases involving whether the death penalty should be allowed. The Supreme Court finally ruled in 1976 that the death penalty be enforced by the states that wanted it and not enforced by those who do not want it. Currently in the United States, thirty-five states have the death penalty, while fifteen do not. Even though some states have the death penalty, seven states have not performed any executions. Seventy percent of the public approves of the death penalty to be enforced throughout the states (Robinson). I also support the death penalty, and I think the death penalty should be enforced for many cases. Capital punishment would save money throughout the nation. Ten years ago, the average cost for an inmate was $22,650, and now ten years later the cost has only risen. (Stephan). This $22,650 may not... ... Richard Dieter. Death Penalty Information Center. N.p., 2010.Web. 28 April 2011. â€Å"Death Row Inmates by State.† Chart. DeathPenalty.org. N.p., 20 September 2010. Web. 25 April 2011. Feingold, Russ. â€Å"Irrevocable Mistakes.† ProCon.org. 7 Feb. 2007. Web. 28 April 2011. â€Å"Number of Executions.† Chart. DeathPenalty.org. N.p., 20 September 2010. Web. 28 April 2011. Sharp, Dudley. â€Å"Cost of Death Penalty vs. Life in Prison.† ProCon.org. 1 Oct. 1997. Web. 26 April 2011. Robinson, B.A. â€Å"Part 1: Death Penalty Data.† ReligiousTolerance.org. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance., 7 Dec. 2009. Web. 25 April 2011. Stephan, James J. â€Å"The High Cost of Imprisonment in America.† Noor’s List. Tina Dorsey and Tom Hester., June 2004. Web. 26 April 2011. â€Å"Top 10 Pros and Cons: Should the Death Penalty Be Allowed?† ProCon.org. N.p., 14 April 2009. Web. 26 April 2011.

American Film Industry Essay -- Media History, Cinema

The American film industry has become the most dominant over all other national cinemas. Millions of people now watch feature films all over the world but there is, and always has been one prevailing place where the films originate and this is the ‘cinema of the United States of America’ better known as Hollywood. This essay will explain how Hollywood has become the dominant force over all the other national cinemas in relation to historical factors which have affected the high quality of the films, the economic supremacy of Hollywood’s budgets and revenues, aswell as the glamour of high-profile actors and actresses. Through discussing each of these concepts and comparing the success of Hollywood to other national cinemas, in particular British cinema, we can discover how it has become the most dominant cinema in the past to this present day. Before looking into the rise to dominance of Hollywood, we must gain an insight into the history of the cinema industry. The first practices of cinema entertainment was with Thomas Edison’s invention of the kinetoscope in 1896, which gave the audience the chance to view nickelodeons in fairgrounds and later on short films but it wasn’t until 1903 with the ‘Great Train Robbery’ (directed by Edwin Sporter) The pistol shot used in the Great Train Robbery is used in more contemporary films such as James Bond. The audiences started to show interest as now the cinema developed a narrative for the first time with the story shown through a series of various camera shots. It was then that longer movies with more complex story lines and innovative editing were released, and cinema’s possibilities as a form of market as well as entertainment were then recognised. The Motion ... ...gn markets and America’s investments in them could be jeopardized by restricting distribution. The 1948 Anglo-American Film Agreement, allowed American companies to withdraw only a fraction of their huge annual profits, in exchange for the abolition of import quotas. As Balio (1976: p397) points out, the Americans held veiled advantages under the act- ‘American companies could spend there frozen earnings in Britain†¦ to acquire story rights and buy real estate and studios.’ Similar terms could be found in the 1948 Franco-American Film Agreement, where ten million dollars of ‘blocked’ profits could be used to co-produce films with French companies and gain distribution rights. It is through Government collaborations such as this that Hollywood was able to attain the status of an expansive commercial enterprise within the U.S. and indeed outside it that it has today.

George Washingtons Rules of Good Behavior

Janet FinchamAssignment # 8George Washington’s Rules of Good Behavior, ca. 1746HIST, 1107-USFEBUARY, 13, 20131. What did Captain Clark’s loud order of â€Å"all hands up and at their oars† cause the Indians to do? My peremptory order to the men, and the Bustle of their getting to their oars, Alarmed the chiefs, together with the appearance of the men on shore as the boat turned. 2. Why were the men {including Lewis and Clark} Awake all night?Peter Cruz at, our bowman, who could speaker mama, informed us in the night that the mama prisoners informed him we were to be stopped, we showed as little signs of a knowledge of their intentions as possible all prepared on board for anything which might happen, we kept a strong guard all night, no sleep. 3, what incidents and/or information might have led Lewis and Clark to the conclusion that of September 27?Captain Lewis with a guard, still on shore, the man who steered, not being much accustomed to steer, passed the bow of the boat, and the pirogue came broadside against the cable and broke it, which obliged me to order, in a loud voice, all hands up and at their oars. 4. What did the Indians do the morning of September, 28, 1804 and how did Lewis and Clark resolve the situation? Made many attempts in different ways to find our anchor, but could not: the sand had covered it, from the misfortune of last night our boat was lying at shore in a very unfavorable situation. . Why do you think Meriwether Lewis was so specific and detailed in his decryption of small and large wolf and the grizzly bear? Captain Clark thought he would weigh 500 pounds, for my own part, I think the estimate too small by 100 pounds, he measured 8 feet 7 ? inches from the nose to the extremity of the hind feet: 5 feet 10 ? inches around the breast: 1 foot 11 inches around the middle of the arm: and 3 feet 11 inches around the neck, his talons, which were 5 in number on each foot, were 4 3/8 inches in length, he was in good orde r. 6.What impression did the grizzly leave with Lewis and why did the bear leave that impression? Saw a brown {grizzly} bear swim the river above us, he disappeared before we could get in reach of him , I find that the curiosity of our party is pretty well satisfied with respect to this animal. 7. How does Sacagawea contribute to the expedition? Her labor soon proved successful, and she produced a good quantity of these roots. 8. Do you think she was appreciated or treated as† one of the boys â€Å"? YES because she contributed roots for dinner. 9.Considering the importance of the â€Å"corps of discovery â€Å"why do you think that Jefferson planned the journey in secret? Do you think he was correct in doing that? The square wife to taboo busied herself gathering the roots of the fennel called by the snake Indians YEAR –PAH for the purpose of drying to eaten on the Rocky Mountains, those roots are very palatable either fresh roots boiled or dried. †10. Do you think that you would have volunteered to go on the adventure? Yes why or why not? Because I like adventures, I love to explore wilderness it’s very interesting to me and you can learn different life styles.

Experience At Work Speech Essay

At McDonalds lines of communication are pretty open especially for the ones still in high school or college. They give whatever hours you request and how many days you want to work. If you need off one of the days just be sure to ask off two weeks in advanced and they will make sure you get the day off. The overall experience at McDonalds after being there for over a year now is outstanding. I know most people think hey its McDonalds, but the benefits they aren’t bad at all. For one they are lenient with their hours and give however many hours you want. Secondly, they allow you to have $6 of free food each time you work, but that is only good of course if you like McDonald’s food. Third, on thanksgiving and Christmas they give bonuses depending on the amount of time you have worked there. For example around Christmas last year Ms. Geneva, the manager, gave me a $100 bill. The pay starts at minimum wage but steadily increases, I am at $7.80 per hour at the moment. Once y ou get to know the managers and workers everyone becomes intriguing to talk too as they all have unique stories. The customers are the only thing bad about working at McDonalds. Some can be nice and understanding, but then there are always those customers that are rude and impatient. Consequently, they do not understand that sometimes it is difficult to get their order right when they change it 5 different times. And it takes time for the food to be made if we run out for the moment. Other than that the only thing McDonalds has control over that gets me trouble is not being allowed to have any sort of beard. I like having a chin strap so I keep it trimmed, but every now and then they still get onto me†¦ and I don’t even work with food. The thing about McDonalds is you are never bored because there is a constant flow of customers at every hour of the day. At other jobs if you are not busy they send people home, but at McDonalds you are always busy especially in the mornings. That is another perk of McDonalds, if you are not scheduled to work that day and you are available to work you can always go ask if they need anybody and more days than not, they will say yes and you can go get extra hours in. McDonalds will more than likely be my job until I leave for college where I will hope to find a new job based on my engineering skills. I would have probably left McDonalds by now if it were not for the great experience and overall  benefits I get at McDonalds.

Generic devolopment proces

The work undertaken so far has proven that the development of a process map is gaining momentum within the construction industry as a whole. The Lethal inspired CRISP (Construction Research and Innovation Strategy Panel) community has in principle adopted the Process Protocol as a basis for its activities in terms of promoting process thinking in the construction industry. 2. Introduction The need for improvement to the conventional design and construction process in the construction industry is well reported. Emerson (1962), Bankable (1964), and Lethal (1994) have all commented upon the need for change, and each highlight similar problem areas.Fundamentally, the need for improvement is related to the poor performance commonly associated with building projects. Typically, this performance is measured in terms of cost, time and/or quality. Unfortunately, it is the UK Construction Industry response to the need for change that has perpetuated and even perhaps fostered this problem. For example, Franks (1990) and Master (1992) presented the evolution of the range of procurement systems currently on offer to potential construction project clients as driven ultimately by the ‘product' view, and the need to optimism cost, time and quality. Yet, whilst many of the more recent approaches to construction procurement (I. E.Design and Build, Construction Management) apparently attempt to address ‘process issues', such as communication, in reality they fundamentally fail. In a survey conducted by Hubbard & Disbarred (1996), a sample of 64 respondents (representing both clients and consultants) demonstrated that contract time performance was a factor considered to be relatively insignificant, when compared to there problems commonly associated with construction projects as shown in table 2. 1. Furthermore, Mortgaged & Shari (1996) reported that from a total of 21 5 projects surveyed, 136 (63%) were delivered later than expected â€Å"†¦ In terms of the date s fixed by the contract or the dates given to the client for completion. † No. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Variables Changing requirements Design team Communication Cost control Identification of responsibility Supply of information Quality Design faults Contract time performance Other factors Type of contract Percentage 25 18 6. 3 4. 7 3. 1 1. 6 Table 2. : Ranking of problems with current procurement methods (Hubbard & Disbarred, 1996) Mortgaged & Shari (1996) go on to suggest that it is the ‘expectation' rather than the delivery which is at fault. The conventional process of generating an ‘expected' delivery date is considered the reason for this: â€Å"In some cases commercial, economic or political considerations can be a driver towards setting these unrealistic goals which become expectations and contract dates for lack of informed and unbiased advice.Consequently, construction performance falls short of expectations which were largely unachievable when they ere establ ished. † A number of lessons can be learned from the manufacturing sector with regards to the implementation and practical use of a ‘process view within the construction industry. The area within the manufacturing sector that relates closely to construction and building works is called new product development (NYPD). It concentrates in the development of an idea, need or client requirement to the final commercialism's of the product e. G. A building or a car. A number of similarities can be found between the two industries with regards to the activities used for developing new products.For example they include: ; The start of a project can be initiated internally or by direct and/or indirect contact with the customers ; The development of the product requires the participation of a number of specialists and functions such as: designers, surveyors, marketing, stress analysts etc. ; The successful construction or manufacture of a building or product can only be achieved if all external (suppliers and consultants) and internal resources are utilizes and co- ordinate effectively ; The building or product is handed over to the customer/client and provisions are made for future support. However there are a number of distinct differences, the most important of which is that in the manufacturing industry all NYPD activities are co-ordinate, managed and controlled using a common framework which is the NYPD process.The construction industry mainly, uses ad-hoc methods for achieving the latter and therefore reducing repeatability of process execution, resulting in the same mistakes occurring time after time. This shift into the establishment of a consistent process for the construction industry requires a new way of thinking entailing a change of culture and working practices. Furthermore, it requires: ; a good understanding of current practices and future trends ; effective communication mechanisms of such processes, such as modeling ; agreement of participa ting parties Technology can then be used to enhance integration and sharing of information. In conjunction with a process map, an IT map should enable the effective use and co- ordination of technology based on a predetermined process framework.This paper proposes a process map which consists of a high level process and sub-processes (Activity Zones), which support the various phases of a construction project and the appropriate information technologies. 3. Methodology During the development of the Protocol a number of research methods have been used: 1. 4. 5. Retrospective and prospective case study analysis; Review and analysis of contemporary construction processes and practices; Review and analysis of concepts and practices applied within the manufacturing industries; Process modeling including various modeling tools and techniques; Iterative development using feedback from several industrial partners via interviews and workshop sessions and scenario building; The results to dat e of some of this work will be described in subsequent sectionsPrinciples As a result of the initial review of the literature, and the identification of the industry requirements through additional interviews with practitioners, six key principles are considered to provide the basis for an improved process. They are drawn heavily from the manufacturing sector where process thinking and continuous improvement has been focused upon for some 30 years. In addition, many of the principles relate to recognized problem areas in construction, where significant improvements have been called for (interracial Bankable, 1964; Lethal, 1994). The six principles are as follows: Whole Project View In the construction industry the definition of a project has traditionally being synonymous to actual construction works.As such the pre-construction and post- construction activities have been sidelined and often accelerated to reach the construction stage or to move on to the ‘new Job'. This has r esulted in poor client requirements identification and delayed the exposure of any potential solutions to the need to any internal and external specialists. Any contemporary attempt to define or create a ‘design and construction process' will have to cover the whole ‘life' of a project from recognition of a need to the operation f the finished facility. This approach ensures that all issues are considered from both a business and a technical point of view. Furthermore this approach recognizes and emphasizes the inter-dependency of activities throughout the duration of a project.It also focuses at the front-end' activities whereby attention is paid to the identification, definition and evaluation of client requirements in order to identify suitable solutions. A Consistent Process During the review of existing models and descriptions of the design and construction process, it was quickly established that little consistency existed. In such an environment, the problems enco untered by temporary multi-organizations (TOM) working can be compounded. Luck & Newcomer (1996) support this view, describing the ‘role ambiguity commonly associated with construction projects. Development of this generic Process Protocol provides the potential to establish its consistent application. Through consistency of use the scope for ambiguity should reduce.This, together with the adoption of a standard approach to performance measurement, evaluation and control, should facilitate a process of continual improvement in design and construction. Progressive Design Fixity The ‘stage-gate' approach found in manufacturing processes (Cooper, 1994; ref. Fig. L) applies a consistent planning and review procedure throughout the Process. Phase Reviews are conducted at the end of each Phase with the aim of reviewing the work executed in the Phase, approving progress to the next Phase, and planning the resounding and execution of the next Phase. Cooper, in his third generati on process, saw the need for ‘conditional-go' decisions at phase gates, to accommodate aspects of concurrency. This philosophy is translated in the development of the Protocol's phase gates.Phase gates are classed as either soft or hard, with the ‘soft gates' allowing the potential for concurrency in the process, whilst ensuring that the key decision points in the process are respected. Fig. 4. 1 Cooper's comparison of stage-gate processes (Cooper, 1994) The potential benefit of this approach is fundamentally the progressive fixing and/or approval of information throughout the Process. As Cooper(1994) states, the discipline of the Phase Review activity improved the conventional chaotic, ad-hoc approach of manufacturing to which the Construction Industry of today could be compared. Co-ordination Co-ordination is one area in which construction traditionally is perceived to perform poorly.This perception is supported by Bankable (1964) and Lethal (1994), in addition to many other reviews of the Industry. The need for improved co-ordination was also highlighted by the interviews with senior managers undertaken during the research project. It is therefore proposed that co-ordination of the Process Protocol is undertaken, principally, by the Process and Change Management Activity Zones. (see section 7) Appointed by the Client, the Process Manager will be delegated authority to plan and o-ordinate the participants and activities of each Phase, throughout the Process. The actions of the Process Manager are supported by the Change Manager, through which all information related to the project is passed.In this role, the Change Manager acts as the official interface between both the Activity Zones in the Process, and ultimately the Legacy Archive. Stakeholder Involvement & Teamwork It has been recognized in the manufacturing industries that multi-function teams, established in a development process, reduces the likelihood of costly changes and production diff iculties later on in the process by enabling design and manufacturing sections earlier in the process. Conventionally, many building projects comprise a team of participants assembled specifically to facilitate the development of that single. Consequently, a complete project team rarely works together on more than one project, and, as Somerville & Stocks (1996) argue, this can negatively affect the assembled â€Å"team's† performance.In addition, many key contributors are identified and included too late in the process. Project success relies upon the right people having the right information at the right time. Proactive resounding of Phases through the adoption of a ‘stakeholder' view would ensure that appropriate participants (from each of the key functions) are consulted earlier in the Process than is traditionally the case. This, in itself, will not eliminate the problems associated with TOM working. However, the active involvement of all participants, especially in the early phases of a project, may subsequently help foster a team environment and encourage appropriate and timely communication and decision making.Feedback In addition to the direct teamwork problems associated with Tom's, the ability to learn from experience is also hampered by the continual formation and break-up of project teams. Both success and failure can offer important lessons for the future, yet the fragmented and competitive nature of the Construction industry prevents the benefits of shared best practice being utilizes. The Phase Review Process facilitates a means by which project experiences can be recorded, throughout the Process, thereby informing later Phases and future projects. Competitive advantage will come from how such experiences are acted upon. (shared knowledge may not automatically reduce the competitiveness of companies working in construction.This Process Protocol therefore proposes the creation, maintenance and use of a Legacy Archive acts as a centra l repository, or information-spine (Sheath et. Al. , 1996), for the information generated through each of the phases of the process. The subsequent increase in awareness, project to project, has the potential for reducing risk and improving performance which over time may ultimately meet Lathe's expectations. Process Development Given the apparent lack of commonality in the contemporary understanding of the design and construction process, an attempt was made to produce a model of the process which could be debated and subsequently refined towards a generic representation.The initial model was developed based upon existing descriptions of the design and construction process (inter alai Walker, 1989; Hughes, 1991), some case study data, and reviews of other published models (inter alai RIBS, 1980; Assassin, 1994; BAA, 1995) The DEFIED-O (Integration Definition language O for Function Modeling) process modeling technique was adopted, initially, as the most appropriate means of represe nting this process. The DEFIED-O technique essentially represents a process as a sequence of activities, described by a verb followed by a noun. Each activity has associated inputs, outputs, controls and mechanisms. It is this technique that has been used successfully to represent processes such as Assassin's (1995) Integrated Building Process Model In developing a process model using the DEFIED-O technique, an initial step is the establishment of the activities that will comprise the model. In preliminary interviews and workshop sessions with the project's industrial partners these activities were presented for discussion in the form of an Activity Hierarchy.However, initial reactions to this were poor, principally because such an approach did not facilitate communication of the process, either quickly or clearly. Moreover, it was found that the industrial partners to the project, at this stage, also preferred to concentrate on the general principles of the process, in preference t o the detail of the activities involved. This preference for principles was found to have a certain congruence with other models of manufacturing processes. Cooper's discussion of the evolution of the ‘stage-gate' models in manufacturing (Cooper, 1994), and other (inter alai GAP (1990), Fissions) industrial models, demonstrate this. In such models the graphical representation of the process conveys it's inherent reminisces.As Rousseau (1996) notes, such process models are â€Å"an effective way to show how a process works†. In their definition; â€Å"A process map consists of an X and a Y axis, which show process sequence (or time) and process participants, respectively. The horizontal X axis illustrates time in process and the individual process activities or gates. The Y axis shows the departments or functions participating in the process†¦ † (p. 444) Beyond this convention, there appears to be little formality in the method used to represent a process. Fu rthermore, it could be argued that the elated informality of the modeling process enhanced the contributions of the project's partner representatives.Through several workshop sessions, the model was revised and deliberated by the partner representatives. As Rousseau (1996) argues, this â€Å"participative† approach to design makes any new process easier to accept and use. In an industry with a ‘need for change' such an approach must be considered appropriate. Thus, through a process of gradual refinement, progress was made towards an agreed version, the Process Protocol, which this paper presents. 6. The Process Protocol The draft Process Protocol Model is presented in Fig. . 1 . Essentially, the model breaks down the design and construction process into 10 distinct phases. These 10 phases are grouped into 4 broad stages, namely Pre-pro]etc, Pre-Construction, Construction and Post-construction.Pre-project Stage The Pre-project Phases relate to the strategic business con siderations of any potential project which aims to address a client's need. Throughout the Pre-project Phases the client's need is progressively defined and assessed with the aim of: 1. Determining the need for a construction project solution, and 2. Securing outline financial authority to proceed to the Pre-Construction Phases. In currently acknowledged models of the design and construction process (inter alai RIBS, 1980; British Property Federation, 1983; – Hughes, 1991 provides a comprehensive review), and recently published client-focused guides (CIRRI, 1995), this stage of a project is given scant consideration, when compared to the latter stages.However, the models assume that when approaching the Construction Industry, clients have already established the need'. Whilst there is little evidence to suggest this is not the case, it would seem reasonable to assume that the knowledge possessed by speculative alluding developers and consultants could assist any client in the se early stages of a project. The problems associated with the translation of this need through the conventional briefing stage of design (Reilly, 1987) have the potential for substantial elimination via such an approach. Pre-Construction Stage With outline financial approval obtained, the Process progresses through to the Pre- Construction Phases where the defined client's need is developed into an appropriate design solution.Like many conventional models of the design process, the Pre- Construction Phases develop the design through a logical sequence, with the aim of levering approved production information. The Phase Review Process, however, adds the potential for the progressive fixing of the design, together with it's concurrent development, within a formal, co-ordinate framework. Progressive fixity should not be confused with ‘design freeze', although to some this may be a desired aspect of the process. The major benefit of the fixity of design is the potential for impro ved communication and co-ordination between the project's participants as they pass through each Phase. Given the dynamic market conditions which influence any construction client's decisions, the need for flexibility must be addressed by the industry.At the end of the Pre-Construction Phases, the aim is to secure full financial authority to proceed. Only upon such authority will the Construction Phase commence, and this decision will be easier to make where the extent of the works, and it's associated risks can be readily understood. Construction Stage The Construction Phase is solely concerned with the production of the project solution. It is here that the full benefits of the co-ordination and communication earlier in the Process may be fully realized. Potentially, any changes in the client's requirements will be minimal, as the increased cost of change as the design progresses should be fully understood by the time on-site construction work begins.The ‘hard gate' that div ides the Pre-Construction and Construction Phases should not prevent a Workplace' approach to construction, and the associated delivery time benefits this brings. As with all activities in the process, where concurrency is possible, it can be accommodated. The hard and soft gates that signify Phase Reviews merely require that before such an activity is carried out, approval is ranted. Post-construction Stage Upon completion of the Construction Phase, the Process Protocol continues into the Post-construction Phases which aim to continually monitor and manage the maintenance needs of the constructed facility. Again, the full involvement of facilities management specialists at the earlier stages of the process should make the enactment of such activities less problematic.The need for surveys of the completed property, for example, should be avoided as all records of the development of the facility should have been recorded by the project's Legacy Archive. Figure 6. 1 . The Generic Desi gn and Construction Process Protocol Model 7. The Sub-processes: ‘Activity Zones' The earlier involvement of the project's participants, throughout the process is a significant development of the conventional approach to building. Traditionally, a construction project's participants are referred to by their professional or expert status. Ball (1988) demonstrates how this may be attributed to the inherent class relations associated with each of the professions and expert groups. As with all class distinctions, the effect that this basis for organizational structure in design and instruction has is division.A consequence of this traditional approach, by which even the more recent forms of contract procurement (design and build, management contracting, etc. ) are included, is the poor communication and coordination commonly associated with construction projects. The participants in the Process Protocol are referred to in terms of their primary responsibilities, and are represente d on the Y-axis of the Process Model. It is recognized that traditionally, project to project, organizational roles and responsibilities change, resulting in ambiguity and confusion (Luck & Newcomer, 1996). By basing the enactment of the process upon the primary responsibility required, the scope for confusion is potentially reduced, and the potential for effective communication and co-ordination increased.The Process Protocol groups the participants in any project into ‘Activity Zones'. These zones are not functional but rather they are multi-functional and they represent structured sets of tasks and processes which guide and support work towards a common objective (for example to create an appropriate design solution). A single person or firm can carry out an activity zone in small-projects but in large ND complex projects, an activity zone may consist of a complex network of people and between relevant functions and/or organizations. Since they are multi-functional, members hip of the ‘zones' is determined by the specific project task and/or process.For example Design Management often has important input in the Production Management and Facilities Management activity zones, amongst others and vice- versa. Of the activity zones associated with the model, not all will be discussed here. Most of the ‘zones' are self-explanatory. However, the role of the Process/Change Management and Development Management activity zones will be described, as they present a significant departure from the conventional view of the design and construction process. Development Management The Development Management activity zone is fundamentally the client/customer for the potential project. In the Protocol scenario, it is ultimately responsible for the success or failure of the project.Representing the major stakeholder in the process, it has an important role. It is via the brief prepared by the Development Management that the client/customer's needs are presented and ultimately interpreted. The Development Management is the only constant ‘player' in the process. All other activity zones potentially consist of a dynamic membership, as the needs of the project develop throughout the process. The extent to which the other participants in the process, particularly the Process Management, have authority to proceed is delegated by the Development Management. It is they who will ultimately review the work of the project's participants and sanction progress or cessation.Development Management is responsible for creating and maintaining business focus throughout he project, which satisfies both relevant organizational and stakeholder objectives and constraints. For example, a proposed speculative office development needs to satisfy the developers objectives (say, return on capital) and constraints (say, available finance), as well as fulfilling other stakeholder considerations (say, compliance with prevailing planning concerns). Process / Chan ge Management The Process and Change Management activity zones are essentially the interface between the Development Management and the other project participants. Process Management has a role independent of all other activity zones.A distinction must be dad between this conventional view of a project manager and the Process Management role. Process Management, as the title suggests, is concerned with the enactment of the process, rather than the project. Key to the success of each Phase in the process is the production of project deliverables (reports and documentation associated with each Phase). In this respect the Process Management is responsible for facilitating and co-ordination the participants required to produce the necessary deliverables. Acting as the Development Management's ‘agent', it will ensure the enactment of each Phase as planned, culminating with the presentation of the