Ableism of Those Who Are Deaf Discriminationa and...

Ableism is defined as, â€Å"the all-encompassing discrimination and exclusion of people living with disabilities† (Adams et al, 461). However, in order to determine if ableism is occurring, then one must first know what constitutes a disability. According to the Americans with Disabilities Act, someone has a disability if they have a considerable handicap that hinders the actions that are important for life, such as â€Å"walking, seeing, hearing, learning, speaking, breathing, standing, lifting, or caring for one’s self† (Adams et al, 461). Disabled people make up the largest minority in the world with their estimated population at 650 million people (Adams et al, 461). Of this 650 million people, 360 million people have some sort of disabling†¦show more content†¦Problem Statement When the deaf or hearing impaired people are put into prison their language barriers cause them to experience a lack of access to fair legal treatment. Language Barrier A major factor or variable contributing to the lack of access to fair legal treatment for hearing impaired prisoners is the language barrier that they face. This makes language barriers the independent variable to lack of fair legal treatment for hearing impaired prisoners, the dependent variable. According to the Free Dictionary, a language barrier is defined as a, â€Å"barrier to communication resulting from speaking different languages† (â€Å"Language Barrier†). In the case of hearing impaired prisoners, these barriers apply to them in many ways. First, deaf and hearing impaired in the United States normally use American Sign Language, ASL, to communicate (Vernon). However, most prisons, despite laws established by the American Disabilities Act and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), do not employ interpreters in order to allow the prisoners to establish communications with someone for purposes of taking education classes, acce ss to health care, access to counseling, and for hearings about parole, complaints, or punishments (Vernon). McCay Vernon states people in charge of prisons overestimate the ability of the hearing impaired to read lips. Even if the conditions for lip reading were perfect, meaning a well lit room, the speaker facing the hearing

White-Collar Crime Essay - 1057 Words

Today, worldwide, there are several thousands of crimes being committed. Some don’t necessarily require a lethal weapon but are associated with various types of sophisticated fraud, this also known as a white-collar crime. These crimes involve a few different methods that take place within a business setting. While ethical business practices add money to the bottom line, unethical practices are ultimately leading to business failure and impacting the U.S. financially. The forms of bribery and embezzlement have been around longer than dirt. The earliest white-collar crime, that was documented, dates back to the 15th century in England. The law was forced upon society in 1473 in response to embezzlement, or also recognized as the Carrier’s†¦show more content†¦It wasn’t long until nations across the world recognized this act and instituted laws as well. For instance, Poland passed anti-money-laundering legislation among others (â€Å"The Evolution of Whit e-Collar Crime†). High-profile white-collar crime has a few complicated financial terms and violations. The first is insider trading, which is referring to buying or selling a company’s stock while knowing or possessing non-public information. For instance if the employee was to tell a friend important company information and the friend trades that corporations stock, both will be indicted. The next is securities fraud, which involves deceit of a company’s performance. This dishonesty manipulates the market, which results in people making bad investments. The third violation is antitrust, which is also considered as monopoly values. For example, abusing the power of price fixing, or artificially raising prices beyond competitive market values. The last crime is bribery; quid pro quo plays a huge role in this specific violation. For instance, where someone gives a gift or does something to please upper management in exchange for a favorable act (â€Å"High-profi le White-Collar Crime†). While the criminal commits these crimes, they seem to forget the ripple effect that this can cause in a business and society. They think they’re cheating the business out of money and have a worry free future lying rightShow MoreRelatedWhite Collar Crime1488 Words   |  6 PagesWelcome to the age of white collar crime. A time when the words thieves and businessmen go hand in hand. White collar criminals dont get their hands dirty in their work. They use their heads to get what they want instead of using a little muscle. These criminals are just as dangerous as the rapists and murderers. In these times, even the most seemingly respectable people are suspected of white collar crimes. President Clinton and the first lady Hillary Clinton have been tangled up in the WhitewaterRead MoreThe And White Collar Crime897 Words   |  4 Pages1. Literature Review Crimes have been occurring in our society for many years and recently the occurrence of non-violent crimes has increased dramatically. Traditional and white collar crimes have two traits in common, an objective and a modus operandi, but the major difference is that a white collar criminal has a plan and also the ability, knowledge and technology to execute it (Nevis, 2012). White-collar crimes can occur at any occupational level and affects all parts of society, from big businessesRead MoreWhite Collar Crimes And Street Crimes1431 Words   |  6 PagesCrimes are one of the many things that all humans have in common. Whether it be a serious crime or not, everyone can commit a crime and go to jail for it. There are two types of crime that can be considered complete opposites of each other. They are white collar crimes and street crimes. White collar crimes are considered nonviolent crimes committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his/her occupation such as fraud, embezzlement, or bribery. On the other hand,Read MoreBlack Collar Crimes And White Collar Crime1956 Words   |  8 Pagesexplaining what white collar crime in its introduction. The paper will then explain the distinct types of white collar crimes, after that different case study’s will be presented from the book to give examples of the diverse types of white collar crimes. After that the paper will talk about the diverse ways to combat white collar crimes while also going over the challenges law enforcement face when fighting white collar crime. Finally, the author will give his conclusion on white collar crime. Read MoreWhite Collar Crimes And Street Crimes1083 Words   |  5 PagesWhite-collar crimes are just as prevalent today as ordinary street crimes. Studies show that criminal acts committed by white-collar criminals continue to increase due to unforeseen opportunities presented in the corporate world, but these crimes are often overlooked or minimally publicized in reference to criminal acts on the street. Many street crimes are viewed as unnecessary, horrendous crimes because they are committed by lower class citizens, whereas white collar crimes are illegal acts committedRead MoreWhite Collar Crime2498 Words   |  10 Pagesdefinition of white collar and white collar crime * Various types of white collar crime B. Thesis statement: There are 3 causes of white collar and 5 way to combat with white collar crime. II. The cause of white collar crime is opportunities to commit crime. A. The loophole of the law and security B. An individual well known the operation of a company, the chances to commit fraud is higher. III. Second causes of white collar crime are workersRead MoreWhite Collar Crime And Corporate Crime1158 Words   |  5 PagesWhite-Collar Crime consists of occupational crime and corporate crime. Occupational crime refers to offences committed against legitimate institutions businesses or government by those with respectable social status. It includes the embezzlement of corporate funds, tax evasion, computer crime and expense-account fraud. It is not every day that we hear about white-collar crimes but these non-violent crimes are on the rise to the top. Federal Bureau of Investigation states that USA, for example recordedRead MorePunishment For White Collar Crimes Essay1533 Words   |  7 Pagesdoors† (Smith and Howat 109). White-collar crimes are explained in â€Å"White-collar crime† as, price fixing, false advertisement, and wiring and tampering with accounts belonging to anyone other than, in this case, the criminal (Levenson). With the advancements in techno logy and increase in satellite towers breaching financial accounts or even obtaining financial information has become effortless. Criminals commit the crime to improve their social status. These crimes do not include physically harmedRead MoreBlack Collar Crime : White Collar1828 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction: Sometimes known as the ‘victimless’ crime, White Collar Crime includes crimes such as fraud, embezzlement and, more often than not, results in the criminal profiting money-wise which is one of the biggest lures into White Collar Crime (WCC). WCC, has become more and more easier and accessible as businesses move closer towards technology and further away from paper documents which makes it easier to commit WCC as, if you knew what you were doing, you could cover your tracks easier thanRead MoreThe Age Of White Collar Crime1463 Words   |  6 PagesWelcome to the age of white collar crime. A time when the words thieves and businessmen go hand in hand. White collar criminals don’t get their hands dirty in their work. They use their heads to get what they want instead of using a little muscle. These criminals are just as dangerous as the rapists and murderers. In these times, even the most seemingly respectable people are suspected of white collar crimes. President Clinton and the first lady Hillary Clinton have been tangled up in the Whitewater

Macbeth Is To Blame For His Tragedy in Shakespeares...

Macbeth Is To Blame For His Tragedy in Shakespeares Macbeth Macbeth, the play was one of Shakespeares bloody and goriest tragedies. It was based on a true story of the Celtic throne. It is a play about murder, power, ambition, greed and deception. The play is set in bleak Scotland, where King Duncan rules over all. At the start of the play Scotland is at battle with Norway. Macbeth is Thane of Glamis and has emerged from battle as a brave and courageous solider. He is admired by all as a good man. He along with Banquo, meets the Witches on a thunderous moor where he is told of a prophecy in which he will soon become Thane of Cawdor and then King of Scotland. He writes to his wife and together they plot to murder Duncan.†¦show more content†¦Is Macbeth thinking as much evil as the Witches, their words are in his mouth. Is Macbeth really in control of his own destiny? The three witches make three initial predictions. The first witch says, All hail, Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Glamis, the second witch then goes onto say, All hail, Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor, the third witch then says all hail, Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter. They also tell Banquo that his sons shall become King. The prophecies have a lot of influence over Macbeth. The witches are clever in coming to Macbeth at the right time and in what they said. They chose exactly the right moment to approach Macbeth. He is full of triumph and fresh from the fighting ad killing. He is at a particularly vulnerable time to have his head filled with thoughts of becoming king and fame. He says to Banquo #8230; Why do I yield to that suggestion whose horrid imag e doth unfix to my hair, and make my seated heart knock on my ribs, Against the use of Nature. The text states clearly that Macbeth has murderous thought in his mind that are prompted by the prophecy, Present fears, are less than horrible imaginings: My thought, whose murder is fantastical shakes so single state of man. It is an important point, it shows his reaction that someone has read his mind. The Witches are actually speaking Macbeths innermost thoughts. Does thisShow MoreRelatedMacbeth Desire For Power Analysis888 Words   |  4 Pagespower, gain power for themselves, or both. Macbeth, from Shakespeare’s play â€Å"The Tragedy of Macbeth† portrays this perfectly. Macbeths drive for power is the sole focus of the play and is an important trait that defines him as a character. â€Å"The Tragedy of Macbeth† is driven by an adoration for power. Shakespeare utilizes the main character, Macbeth, to speak to humanitys craving for power over one another.The first instance that Macbeth can be seen to show his drive for power is when the three witchesRead More Shakespeares Macbeth - Renaissance Humanism Essay1494 Words   |  6 Pagespresent in Shakespeare’s tragedy Macbeth assume the role of supernatural beings, it was not Shakespeare’s intent to portray a classic case of fatalism. On the contrary, Shakespeare used Macbeth as a way to display the idea of Renaissance humanism. Although the witches did in fact possess uncanny powers, they were in reality not controlling Macbeth, but rather they were tempting Macbeth to act in particular ways. The witches, as well as other significant characters, may have encouraged Macbeth to actRead MoreSupernatural Elements and Impacts in the Play Macbeth:1620 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Man is not the crea ture of circumstances Circumstances are the creatures of man.† Macbeth, throughout the play, is presented as one much above the ordinary beings, and, as such, he fulfils the basic -requirements of being a tragic hero. Shakespeare, introduces him as a brave general, a bold, resolute man of action who through as also referred to â€Å"Valor’s minion†, â€Å"Bellona’s bridegroom’’, the king’s ‘’valiant cousin’’, a very â€Å"eagle’’ among ‘’sparrows’’, a ‘’lion’’Read MoreEssay on Lady Macbeth by William Shakespeare770 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth is Shakespeares shortest tragic play in which the main character, Macbeth, becomes the tragic hero. He begins as a noble lord only to finish as Devilish Macbeth. But who or what is responsible for the tragic downfall of Macbeth? I believe Macbeths is partly responsible for the tragic events that take place, including the murder of King D uncan, Banquo, Lady Macduff and her children. However, Macbeth was influenced by the supernatural witches and by the strict pressure of his wife, LadyRead More The Cause of Macbeths Destruction in William Shakespeares Macbeth1062 Words   |  5 PagesDestruction in William Shakespeares Macbeth      Ã‚   In William Shakespeares Macbeth, Macbeth was a well-respected man of noble birth, but his fortune was reversed after he turned to darkness. He plummeted endlessly into a chasm of evil until his corrupt life was ended on the edge of Macduffs blade. Whose actions opened up the path of darkness to Macbeth? Whose actions led to Macbeths demise? The answer is threefold. The weird sisters set Macbeths fate into motion. Lady Macbeth goaded her husbandRead MoreEssay about The Transformations of Lady Macbeth and Hamlet646 Words   |  3 PagesThe Transformations of Lady Macbeth and Hamlet In William Shakespeare’s tragedy Macbeth, we experience a completely different Lady Macbeth at the beginning of the play, than we do as the play unfolds. Lady Macbeth is the perfect example of a character playing a dramatic role reversal. At the beginning of the play, her character was that of a strong, controlling wife, whose goal was to make her husband commit a murder in order to become king. Lady Macbeth ends up going crazy and having a nervousRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Shakespeare s Macbeth1383 Words   |  6 PagesCharacter Analysis of Macbeth One of Shakespeare’s most notable works is The Tragedy of Macbeth. The plot revolves around the consequences of the actions made by the character Macbeth. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of The Tragedy of Macbeth along with a detailed analysis of Macbeth the character, including his traits, motives, and his historical counterpart. Written in 1606, the opening scene of The Tragedy of Macbeth begins with a brief appearance of three witches who appearRead MoreEssay The Fault of the Character Macbeth in Shakespeares Macbeth1220 Words   |  5 PagesCharacter Macbeth in Shakespeares Macbeth Macbeth by William Shakespeare is the story of a brave, honourable soldier who ruins his life due to his own greed for power, respect and wealth. The story starts with Macbeth as the kings favorite soldier, a very respectful, honorable man. Macbeth then is told by the witches his life will change for the better - All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be King hereafter!. In a desperate effort to obtain this promised position of King, Macbeth takes his fateRead MoreCritical Review of Macbeth by William Shakespeare1008 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Running Head: Macbeth Critical Review of Macbeth by William Shakespeare [Aijaz Ahmed Shaikh] [Karachi University] Critical Review of Macbeth by William Shakespeare Introduction Not only is Macbeth by far the shortest of William Shakespeare’s great tragedies, but it is also anomalous in some structural respects. Like Othello (1604) and only a very few other Shakespearean plays, Macbeth is without the complications of a subplot. (Bradley, 1905) Consequently, the action moves forward in aRead MoreMain Meaning Of Macbeth1319 Words   |  6 Pages William Shakespeare has written many popular tragedy plays, one of which is Macbeth. Macbeth is the story about a man named Macbeth. Macbeth is full of emotion and deep meaning. Macbeth is a story of a man who drove himself crazy with his own ambition and greed. This play is set in medieval Scotland and is partly based on a true historical account that shows the bloody rise to power, and the tragic downfall of the warrior Macbeth. It is also timeless because it depicts how mans conscious decision

Pros And Cons Of Army Simulations Theory - 1553 Words

Abstract Overview/Summary of Both Articles (naming the Article Titles and Authors) This paper explores four published articles published in relation to the theory presented by Raymond A. Noe in Employee Training Development. All four articles were published online (Internet) and compared to Noe’s text offline (non-Internet). The topics discussed are the pros and cons of Army Simulations and the virtual training environment of today’s soldiers. Three of the four articles confirm Noe’s opinion of the value added (both monetarily, as well as, the ability to train in situations that would not be possible to train for in real life) of virtual simulations (Sims) in the Army training environment. The fourth article, however, shows a flaw with†¦show more content†¦But the cost is much less than the hourly cost of taking helicopters out of service to teach pilots† (Noe, 2017). Below are outside articles that either agree with the overall opinion of Noe, or disagree with certain aspects. According to Raymond A. Noe in Employee Training Development, the world of virtual simulations in the U.S. Army is not only cost efficient, but also a training tool that allows soldiers to â€Å"focus on important safety issues and emergency procedures that are impossible to replicate† (Noe, 2017) in real life events. This theory is repeated by many. David Vergun interviewed Maj. Mike Stinchfield, chief of the Training Innovation Facility, Army National Simulation Center, Army Combined Arms Center, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas for MilGaming Online. In this article, Vergun states, â€Å"Simulators are cost-effective in terms of fuel and maintenance, and they also allow trainers to simulate variables that are dangerous and costly to simulate in real life: weather conditions, difficult terrain and enemy attacks.† (Vergun, 2016). Simulations are used all across the world to train soldiers of all ranks in basic, and advanced, procedures. For example, Virtual Battlespace 3 (VBS3) is used at most military installations in the United States. VBS3 is used primarily to support dismounted patrols and convoy operations; as it is a 3DShow MoreRelatedTheme Of The Disneyland Of Consciousness1720 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Disneyland of Consciousness is the ability for an individual to explore the animatronics image that is aided by certain stories of other people’s experiences in the mechanical man-like machine. Is Consciousness physical? Explain your answer (pro or con). Be sure to substantiate your argument. Yes. Human consciousness is indeed physical based on its awareness of one’s existence. Researchers identify a network of three specific regions in the human brain that are believed to be a reason for physicalRead MorePtsd2558 Words   |  11 Pagesinvolved in memory and mood regulation, treatments that target glutamate pathways should be tested for efficacy in PTSD† (qtd. in Chedekel). Accidently, ketamine has already been proven to help with the battle of PTSD. Several years ago, the United States Army had reported that soldiers who received ketamine as an anesthesia for post-war surgery were less likely to develop PTSD. The regularity of PTSD in patients who received ketamine was about 26 percent to the 46 percent of soldiers who did not receiveRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagessouthwestern frontiers, and continued in regular labor and artisanal migrations associated with markets, skilled trades, and transportation work. The mass military movements and devastation of the Yangtze Valley in the 1850s and 1860s, as well as the roving armies of the 1910s and 1920s, created mass mobility in their own right, not only in terms of the soldiers who were conscripted and then demobilized far from their homes (often draining areas of the young men who might otherwise have been potential migrants)Read MorePortable Manual Cell Phone Charger9744 Words   |  39 Pagesthermoelectric generator for cell phones. Their research and development of a 1 W thermoelectric generator for cell phones is a physical model that contains cylinder-shaped catalytic heat source that processes a catalytic combustion of gas fuel. A computer simulation method was then used to determine optimal parameters of the thermopile, catalytic heat source, and microgenerator heat rejection system whereby the efficiency of gas combustion heat conversion into electrical energy was a factor of two higher comparedRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesreflect on the contributions which Michael Bromwich has made. He played an important role in the diffusion of modern practices of capital investment appraisal in the United Kingdom. He has been constantly open to the insights which adva nces in economic theory can provide into the accounting art, in many areas pushing at the frontiers of international knowledge in his own quiet way. In the area of costing, Michael has undoubtedly deepened our understandings of both conceptual and practical issues, in recentRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages91 4 Emotions and Moods 97 What Are Emotions and Moods? 98 The Basic Emotions 100 †¢ The Basic Moods: Positive and Negative Affect 100 †¢ The Function of Emotions 102 †¢ Sources of Emotions and Moods 103 Emotional Labor 108 Affective Events Theory 110 Emotional Intelligence 112 The Case for EI 113 †¢ The Case Against EI 114 †¢ Emotion Regulation 115 OB Applications of Emotions and Moods 115 Selection 116 †¢ Decision Making 116 †¢ Creativity 116 †¢ Motivation 117 †¢ Leadership 117 †¢ Negotiation 117Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesA Note on Terminology The special terminology of European semiotics and structural linguistics may be unfamiliar to many American readers. It is impossible to give full definitions of all the terms that occur in this book without discussing the theories behind them at considerable length. It is hoped, simply, that the following explanations will give the reader a basic orientation. To accomplish this, references are provided to the key theoretical passages in the fundamental writings of linguisticsRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesReferrals and Recommendations 138 External Searches 139 Advertisements 139 Employment Agencies 140 Schools, Colleges, and Universities 142 Job Fairs 143 Professional Organizations 143 Unsolicited Applicants 143 Preemployment Testing 160 Performance Simulation Tests 160 Work Sampling 160 Assessment Centers 160 Testing in a Global Arena 160 DID YOU KNOW?: Too Much Information 161 Comprehensive Interviews 161 Interview Effectiveness 162 Interview Issues 162 Interview Bias 162 Online RecruitingRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 PagesExperience simulation gives you hands-on experience of strategic analysis and putting strategy into action Resources for instructors †¢ Instructor’s manual, including extensive teaching notes for cases and suggested teaching plans †¢ PowerPoint slides, containing key information and figures from the book †¢ Secure testbank containing over 600 questions †¢ Support for the Strategy Experience simulation with guidance on the aims and objectives of the simulation, and instructions on how to set up simulation groups

Nothings Changed Essay Example For Students

Nothings Changed Essay In this essay I am going to talk about how anger and frustration is linked between two poems. The two poems are called Nothings Changed and Half-Caste. I am going to explain four topics about each poem. These are: language, discrimination, culture and racism. Each one I will explain how they link with the poems. For example racism shares a main part in both poems because they are both about inequality and difference. Both Poems are autobiographical so both authors have had their own experience meaning that the anger shown is very descriptive. The first topic I am going to talk about is the racism that is linked between the two poems. First I will look at the poem Half-caste then Nothings changed. I would say that Half-Caste is quite an angry poem because the poem John Agard has written is about difference. It is about difference because it mentions the word half-caste and the word is used to describe people born of parents of a different colour. This word can be used as an insult against a different race, which shows racism. Here is an example that shows how racism is shown Yu mean when Picasso mix red and green. He talks about the colours and how they combine together to produce a new whole, which is different. But the whole he talks about is precious and unique. People call him half-caste because he is different from other people and lacks equality because he is different from the rest, this is racist. John Agard shows anger because he doesnt want people to insult him. I can tell this by the tone of the poem because he asks the same question over and over again. Wha yu mean when yu say half-caste. I would say this seems like he is annoyed. In Nothings Changed the racism is the same as In Half Caste. The poem is about Tatamkhulu Afrika and about his life in Cape Towns District 6. I find this poem racist because it says about the new, up-market a whites only inn. Theres a lot about the up-market that is racial and the first thing I notice is when it says whites only inn. Maybe this is linked with half caste and saying that T.A is a half-caste and is different. Another racial expression I found about the up-market is about the glass. I press my nose to the clear panes The glass in Nothings changed represents many things but here it is acting like a barrier that you cannot go through, I think the glass helps describes the racism and show how T.A feels. The next topic I am going to talk about is the language shown in the poems. In Half-Caste the language spoken is called patois, which is a blend language. I think John Agard decided to write in patois because he wanted the reader to know who he really was as an individual, as a whole. The language in Half-Caste makes the poem seem conversational because it mentions Yu a lot, so its like the poem is talking to you. It makes the reader aware of whats happening and brings attention. In the poem some words that are said describe the anger and frustration such as ah rass, the word is defined as an expression of disgust and is from the language patois. This is a sign of anger and frustration in the poem. In Nothings changed the language shown is quite different. T.A uses angry language to express his feelings about the situation going on. He uses this angry language because he has experienced racial discrimination and he uses anger to describe how he felt and what happened at district 6. Hands burn for a stone, a bomb, to shiver down the glass. This quotation is from the end of the poem and it means that the boy wants to get a stone or a bomb and to throw it at the glass so he can get in to the inn. The boy cannot get into the inn though because is not allowed, he is not allowed because he is different and because they are racist to him. This quote says a lot about T.As anger against people who are racist. Between the two poems the language features shown in both of them are a bit differently shown but the explanation and meaning of the anger in both poems is about the same.

Room Temperature Control Us free essay sample

The goal of this project is to develop a fully functional and controllable automated system which is able to control and maintain the stability of the ambient temperature of a room. Similar systems are usually found in industry where i. e. maintenance of a storage room temperature is needed. The simulation was done by using Schneider Electric Zelio Soft 2 software. The particular model used was Zelio PLC Schneider SR2 B121 BD (24 V DC) with analog inputs. Pushbutton and Selector switch are used from discrete inputs which are assigned as ON/OFF Switch and Mode Selection Switch respectively. Two analog inputs are also used which are assigned as Ambient temperature and Setpoint. On the output side of the PLC a heater and a fan are used to simulate the entire process. Using software, Function Block Diagrams (FBD) are programmed to control the system. 2 Overview About PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) In general, a PLC is an industrialized computer that includes the hardware and software required to automatically control production equipment, machinery, processes, and other types of mechanical, electrical, and electronic devices typically found in industry. On the other words a PLC is the key element behind today‘s industrial automation. The PLC is mostly recognized as being introduced by Bradford Associates in nineteen sixty eight. Because it is programmable, the PLC also allows quicker changes to the equipment‘s control behavior. What to the individual words in PLC mean? It may make more sense to take the words in reverse order. Controller is the key word in programmable logic controller. The PLC monitors various conditions and based on these condition determine an outcome. In other words it has ability to control devices wired to its output terminals based on the statute of the devices wired to its input terminals Logic is how we treat the various conditions we monitored which determines our final outcome. The decisions are based on logical rules that we teach the PLC by way of its programming software. Programmable – The PLC is taught rules to how it should use the input condition to create an outcome though it’s programming software. Being programmable makes it versatile, so if needs or conditions changes, the PLC can be reprogrammed to meet these changes. It also includes the flexibility to reprogram its decision making behavior trough the software as often as needed. PLC hardware and software allows it to monitor the status of incoming events and control the outcomes. Aside from their primary use in automating factories and processes PLC are also used in simple applications such as elevators, car washes, traffic lights. More complex PLC application includes water plants manufactories, assembly lines, machinery and bottling lines etc. 3 Internal structure of PLC Input devices: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Pushbuttons Limit switches Level switches Photoelectric sensors Proximity sensors Motor starter contacts Relay contacts Thumbwheel switches 120/230 VAC 24 VDC 4 Output devices: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Valves Motor starters Solenoids Control relays Alarms Lights Fans Horns Relays Triac Transistor/MOSFET PLC Advantages ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Eliminates much of the hard wiring, it can be observed visually Safe Increased Reliability (very fast) More Flexibility (can be easily upgrade or modified PLC with some extension or update software ) Lower Costs (then some other industrial devices) Communications Capability (can communicate with other controllers or computer equipment) Faster Response/Operation Time Disadvantages ? PLCs are not very good at handling large amount of data, or complex data ? Difficulty in finding errors; requiring skillful work force 5 Overview About temperature regulation Temperature control in manufacturing is an essential part of proper product formation. If the temperature slips above or below the ideal range needed for a particular stage in a manufacturing process, the results can be harmful i. e. improperly adhered coatings, a weakened base material, or an overall compromised component. So, it becomes increasingly important that the manufacturer not only determine the proper temperature for each stage, but also monitor the temperature inside the machine and receive appropriate feedback. An on/off temperature control is the least expensive of the control types, and also the most simple in terms of how it works. The control is either on or off if the temperature drops below a certain point, the control signals to the machine to turn raise the temperature. Likewise, if a temperature goes above a certain point, the control is triggered to tell the machine to lower the temperature. A common example of on/off systems is a household thermostat. When the temperature drops below a certain point, the controller triggers the heater to raise the temperature back to the programmed value. With air-conditioning it works the other way: if the temperature rises past a certain point, the controller triggers the air-conditioner, dropping the temperature back to the programmed norm. On/off controls are often used in processes where the temperature change is very slow, and precise control of temperature isn’t necessary. 6 Goal As we earlier said, the goal of this project is to develop a fully functional and controllable automated system which is able to control and maintain the stability of the ambient temperature of a room. Scope Understand what is the goal in this project, and get the main idea about how to successfully implement the system ? Program a Function Block Diagram (FBD) to control the ambient temperature of a room. 7 Hardware ROOM TEMPERATURE REGULATION Specifications: The ambient temperature of a room is controlled in the heat mode by a heater and a fan, and in the chill mode only by the fan. A temperature sensor, via a converter, provides a 0-10V signal . A switch is used to deactivate temperature regulation. Screen display: The heat or chill mode is displayed The ambient temperature and setpoint are displayed. A trigger function is provided to set up regulation that takes into account a hysteresis of +2Â °C from start to stop and –3Â °C from stop to start. Description of the inputs/outputs: INPUTS: OUTPUTS: I1 On/Off switch Q1 Heater I2 Mode selection Q4 Fan IB Ambient temperature (analog input) IC Setpoint (analog input) The temperature is supplied by a sensor with output voltage of 0 to 10 V. Model Required: Zelio Logic with analog inputs. SR2 B121 BD (24 V DC) or SR2 B121 JD (12 V DC) for example. 8 Program Description: Input I1 =0 : regulation is off. Display example: *********** OFF *********** 0017. 2 InputI1 =1 : Regulation is on. Display example: heat mode. 0020. 0 (setpoint display) 0017. 2 (temperature display) Hysteresis: The ambient temperature of room is controlled by the heater and a fan. The heater is standard commercial unit which operates on 220 VAC and it is switched by relay output Q1. The fan is a standard brushless motor fan which also operates on 220VAC and it is switched by relay output Q4. On the input side we have two switches which are used for selection of working modes, as well as to turn the system on or off. Sensing is done by the analog temperature sensor which provides signal ranging from 0 to 10 V with 255 bits of resolution. For the setpoint analog input we use a potentiometer which enables the user to set the reference value of temperature. System has a hysteresis of +2 and -3 degrees of C regarding setpoint value. 9 Software Zelio Soft 2 is a comprehensive multilingual application designed to help us program the Zelio Logic smart relays. There are eight module categories, each displaying a picture and a full description of the characteristics such as power supply, discreet input/output, clock, language, screen keyboard, and reference, which makes them very easy to identify. This program offers a simple way to configure the modules that are written in Ladder Diagram, Function Block Diagram, or both. When programming, we can set a wide range of parameters dealing with counters, winter/summer functions, timers, auxiliary relays, fast counters. We can also set the date format, time zone, and so on. In case of an error alarm, we can define the type of message that will be displayed, when to send a message and who will receive it via telephone or e-mail. We can also enter one or more users that can send control commands. Both the user interface and the simulation languages can be switched into English, Spanish, German, Italian, or French. This program can be downloaded and used free of charge. Start window in Zelio Soft 10 Selection window which allows user to choose which module he wants to work with 11 There are two possible ways a user can write a program in Zelio Soft : ? ? Ladder logic diagram Function block diagram A basic example of Ladder logic diagram 12 A basic example of Function block diagram 13 Conclusion This project has been a very useful experience, because we learned plenty of concepts regarding automated control systems.