Factors Causing Youth Violence Measures To Prevent It Criminology Essay

F fleckors Causing younker Violence Measures To Prevent It Criminology EssayThe Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of rational Dis coiffes (DSM-IV-TR) of the Ameri underside Psychiatric Association (2000) describes the essential feature of a c argon unwellnessiness diagnosis is a persistent pattern of behaviour, which violates the basic rights of otherwises or disregards major societal norms or rules as demonstrated by a tike. Oppositional disobedient put out is characterized by shun, disobedient, or defiant demeanour that exceeds the popular testing port that about children display and whitethorn later continue to a diagnosis of conduct disquietliness in some jejuneness. legion(predicate) of the children diagnosed with conduct rowdyism end up committing criminal offenses because they lack empathy which overwhelms them to the utmost that they act out in the face of hearty stigma or criminal laws. The present review has four purposes (a) to identify the clinical and abstractive framework of dotty cal hap littlenesss, (b) to focus on specific essay factors that extend to young personfulness hysteria, (c) to outline preservative factors that buffer spring chicken force, and (d) to explore duty tour system-ecological cure methods to address early days ferocity. For these purposes several(prenominal) articles and the data collected al imprint be discussed.Youth ViolenceIn recent years attending has been foc utilize on the app bent rise in younker military group. just or so of this attention has been fueled by several in high spirits profile aspects in the media. Events ilk the Columbine shootings and the Virginia Tech massacre provide beloved case examples. Violence as defined legally refers to the use of physical force, specifically physical force with malice that attempts to or harms someone (Webster, 2010). Youth violence refers to violence that has started at the time of life between puerility and maturity. A numbe r of behaviors such(prenominal) as the use of weapons, physical/sexual enchant, bullying, etc., whitethorn be a part of tough behavior in new-made adults as illustrated in the cases de noned above.Studies fork up analyzed the prevalence of mental disorders and or behavioural issues such as schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, conduct disorder (CD) and as of late bipolar disorder in the development of cutthroat youth (Juvenile Delinquency, 2010). For the purpose of this literary review I will focus on conduct disorder as the precursor to unsociable genius disorder which statistics show has been diagnosed in 80-85% of incarcerated criminals (Long, 2009). Conduct disorder accounts for approximately 50% of incarcerated youth males and females (Fazel et al., 2008).Conduct disorder develops during childhood and manifests itself during adolescence. The DSM-IV-TR Codes 312.xx (where xx varies upon the specific subtype exhibited) delineates that adolescents diagnosed with co nduct disorder disregard social norms and show lack of empathy. Violent youth who waste gone through the criminal justice system on several occasions are apparent to pay back been diagnosed with conduct disorder. This is special(a)ly authorized of those unwarranted youth who time and time again show a disregard for their own and others safety and property (Juvenile Delinquency, 2010).A documented annals of conduct disorder before the age of fifteen represents one of the criteria utilise in diagnosing a one-year-old adult with asocial personality disorder. An unsociable personality disorder diagnosis indicates a great run a peril on the part of a young adult of exhibiting persistent and near criminal behavior. Both conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder are characterized by unpredictable violent behavior and lack of empathy.Consequently, adolescents who break persistently been involved with the criminal system and relieve oneself been diagnosed with con duct disorder are at a higher risk showing signs of antisocial personality disorder as they develop into adults (Conduct Disorder, 2010). Antisocial personality disorder is a common diagnosis for serial killers who often fantasize about killing several victims and then fulfill their impulsivity when they are no overnight capable of suppressing it.Youth violence develops in different ways. Children/ adolescents who are diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder exhibit riddle behavior early(a) in childhood. This problem behavior chiffonier persist and make up as the child develops into a young adult. Studies apprize that aggression in childhood is a good predictor for the same in adolescence and young maturity date (CDC, 2002).The research indicates that there are several risk factors that contribute to youth violence. There are individual factors that are comprised of biological, psychological, and behavioral issues which whitethorn be exhibited in chil dhood or adolescence. A childs family, friends, culture and social context may influence the individual factors. Of particular interest in most studies is the impact that family has and which is greatest in childhood and the peer impact which is of greater influence in adolescence (CDC, 2008).Some of the individual factors observed are broken in IQ (substandard academic performance), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, drug and/or alcoholic beverage blackguard, tobacco use, early history of problem behavior and or violent victimization. The latter is strongly associated with youth violence. A link between junior-grade IQ and violence is strongest among boys who keep the following traits dysfunctional family, exposure to violence, antisocial beliefs/attitudes, history of treatment for mad issues, strong stressors, vile social cognitive abilities, poor impulse control and lower socioeconomic status (CDC, 2002). maternal behavior and family environment are central factors when it knows to youth violence. Parents who do not monitor and supervise their children and who discipline with rough corporal punishment prevail been shown to be strong predictors of youth violence (CDC, 2008).As indicated, the onset of violent behavior in youth is strongly cogitate to parental difference of opinion in early childhood as intumesce as poor attachment between children and parents. In addition traits such as a king-size number of children in the family, a mother who had her first child at an early age, possibly as a teenager, and a low level of family cohesion have been shown to contribute to youth violence. These factors can have a detrimental effect on a childs social and emotional functioning and behavior barring the lack of social sustentations (CDC, 2002). Consequently, violent youths who have witnessed violence in the seat, and or have been physically or sexually abused may see violent behavior as an satisfactory way to resolving conflict (CDC, 2002).S ocial influences, in particular, peer crush during adolescence may normally be seen as overconfident and important in shaping interpersonal relationships. Nevertheless, these influences may also have a negative effect if the peer pressure stems from aggressive and violent youth. That is, delinquency can cause peer bonding which, inversely causes delinquency (Harding, 2009).In fact, young adults with depression who socialize with youth offenders they are more than than than likely to act out violently towards others. Harding (2009), indicated that the most significant contributing factors to youth violence were depression and having youth offenders as peers in addition to parents psychological abuse of a partner, antisocial personality, negative relationships with adults and family conflict. The composition of a family has also been shown to be a significant factor in the development of violent behavior in youth. Findings from studies conducted in New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States suggest that there is a higher risk for violence in youth from single-parent households (CDC, 2002).The risk factors attributed to family include dysfunctional family functioning, lack of child supervision, parental shopping mall abuse or criminal history, parental lack of formal education, harsh and/or authoritarian parenting styles or inconsistent disciplinary practices. In impairment of peer risk factors these are socializing with peers that are in gangs, who are themselves juvenile delinquents, being socially rejected by others, no thing in extracurricular activities a little interest in give instruction or school performance (CDC, 2009).Likewise the social groups in which children and adolescents hot have a significant role in how they relate to their parents, friends and the linguistic context in which they may be exposed to situations that lead to violence. Consequently, males in urban areas will most likely be involved in violent behavior than th ose living in rural areas. Similarly in urban settings children and adolescents who live in neighborhoods with high levels of crime are more likely to be involved in violent behavior than those living in other neighborhoods. In addition, a correlation has been found between children and adolescents who come from a low socio-economic status and youth violence (CDC, 2008). A study survey of young people in the United States indicated that the prevalence of self- inform assault and robbery among youths from low socio-economic classes was about twice than among middle-class youths (CDC, 2002). The effects that youth violence has on a fellowship or community risk factors include neighborhoods that are in social disarray, little community cohesiveness, increase in family disruption, increase in transiency, greater numbers of poor residents and less economic opportunities (CDC, 2009).It is of equal importance to note the influence of culture on youth violence. There are cultures which en dorse violence as an trustworthy air to resolve conflicts. In these cultures the young adopt the norms and values that fight down violence. These cultures lack the ability to provide their youth with non-violent alternatives to resolve conflicts and consequently have been shown to have higher rates of youth violence. A study by Bedoya Marin and Jarramillo Martinez on gangs in Medellin, Colombia, analyzed how low-income youths are influenced by the culture of violence, in society in general and in their particular community. The authors indicated that the community enables a culture of violence through the growing acceptance of easy cash and of whatever means are necessary to obtain it, as well as through corruption in the police, judiciary, military and local political sympathies (CDC, 2002).When considering the possible biological factors which contribute to youth violence, studies have focused on areas such as injuries and complications associated with pregnancy and delivery. The interest in these areas is fueled by the belief that they may contribute to neurological damage and in hand lead to violent behavior. The CDC noted that complications during delivery have been shown to contribute significantly to future violence when a parent had a history of psychiatric illness. It should be noted that complications during delivery when in conjunction with other familial factors is the stronger predictor of youth violence (CDC, 2002).Other studies of interest have indicated that low heart rates-studied in males have a correlation with behaviors such as sensation seeking and risk taking. These behaviors may act as a catalyst to violence in that they provide the necessary stimulation and stimulation levels (CDC, 2002). Deficiencies of executive functions of the brain which are housed in the frontal lobe may be connected to impulsiveness, attention problems, low intelligence and low educational attainment. superfluous deficiencies include the inability to sus tain attention and concentration, abstract reasoning and concept formation, goal formation, anticipation and planning, effective self-monitoring and self-awareness of behavior, and inhibitions regarding inappropriate or impulsive behavior (CDC, 2002).The literature indicates that hyperactivity, impulsiveness, poor behavioral control and attention problems are behavioral/ personality factors that may precede violent acts by youths. Hyperactivity, high levels of robustness or risk taking behavior, poor concentration and attention difficulties in youth younger than thirteen years have been shown to be good predictors of youth violence (CDC, 2008).The CDC also found that among some juvenile offenders, situational factors may act as a catalyst to youth violence. In order to conduct a situational analysis of the events it is necessary to determine the motives for the violent behavior, where the behavior occurred, whether alcohol or weapons were present, all parties involved to include t he victim and aggressor, and if other actions were involved such as a robbery that would lend itself to violence (CDC, 2002).In terms of gender, the literature indicates that most of the perpetrators of youth violence are males. Feminist theorists who have analyzed this phenomenon have indicated that the concept of masculinity may put males more at risk to be violent. Behaviors such as appearing to be tough, powerful, aggressive, daring and competitive are ways in which males express their masculinity. Nevertheless, expressing these behaviors may be conducive to males participation in antisocial and criminal behavior. It should be noted that males may act in this manner due to societal pressure to conform to masculine cultural standards like in Colombia as mentioned earlier. However, one must keep in instinct that males may be biologically more aggressive and greater risk takers than females (Juvenile Delinquency, 2010).This review of the literature shows that youth violence is a g rowing problem that affects and is affected by family, community and society at large. More and more children are not attending school out of fear of what can happen on their way to school or at school. A nationwide survey indicated that about 6% of high school students reported not going to school on one or more days in the 30 days preceding the survey (CDC, 2009). redundant ways in which Youth violence impacts the community at large are disrupts social run, decreases property value, decreases productivity, and it raises the cost of health care (Mercy et al., 2002). wellness care is a topic that is on the nations political forefront. It is impacted by youth violence which contributes to the costs of health care and welfare services. The CDC reports that violent youth are also involved in a weave of crimes and other problems which include truancy, dropping out of school, substance abuse, compulsive lying, foolhardy driving and high rates of sexually transmitted diseases. Accordin g to the CDC more than 780,000 young adults age ten to twenty sustain injuries due to violence and are treated in emergency rooms yearly (CDC, 2009).Factors that have been shown to buffer the risk of youth violence include individual/family protective factors listed as high involvement with parents, high parental academic expectations, well-preserved family communication, good familial and/or adult support, healthy social orientation, high IQ and/or grade point average and no allowance account for antisocial behavior. The consistent presence, during at least one, of parents when their children wake up, arrive home from school, during dinner, at bed time and involvement in their social activities are also seen as protective factors . Peer/social protective factors are noted as involvement in extracurricular activities and an interest and fealty to school (Resnick et al., 2004).Based on the literature review, youth violence is introduce and linked to traits of the youth, youths fa mily, peer group, school environment and community. A socio-ecological model would ask to ease the risk factors (individual/family, peer/social, etc.) by focusing on the youth and youths family strengths and doing so on a highly individualized and comprehensive basis. Of particular interest and focus would be the protective factors outlined earlier. This could be provided via home-based family services in order to assists those violent youth and their families who have limited price of admission to therapeutic services. This would answer the therapist to focus on parental potency in order to change the natural social network of the youth in order to maximize the treatment outcomes.The therapist would focus risk factors in the youths social network that are contributing to their problem behavior. The goals may include but would not be limited to improving social support and network system, getting the youth involved in positive extracurricular activities, minimizing the youths ass ociation with juvenile delinquents, improving family functioning and communication, and improving the parenting skills of caregivers. The techniques used can be drawn from cognitive behavioral, behavioral and family therapies.The therapy sessions could take note at home, school or a community environment (a gentle setting for the youth and the youths family). The treatment plan would be agreed upon with the help of family members and should then be driven by the family and not the therapist. In doing so the therapist would empower the family to promote healthy changes through the mobilization of the child, family and community resources.Given the information provided on youth violence, the therapist should focus specifically on the risk factors in the child/adolescent, and familys social networks that are linked to the violent behavior. Therefore, special attention would be given to improving a youths outlook on academics and academic performance, improving social and familial sup port systems, and decreasing the influence of violent peers by removing the youth from the negative environment.These therapeutic gains would in turn have a positive effect on the youth, the youths family and the community at large. This may begin to address and prevent the health care issues outlined earlier and other subsets of youth violence such as school shootings and cyber bullying to name but two.